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The dominant thumb experiment is used to observe the correlation between handedness and thumb dominance and whether one inherited trait will always influences another correlated trait. Examples of this experiment of this can be traced back as far as 1908. In this experiment 50 people were asked to clasp their hands and the thumb dominance. Once the hands were clasped, one thumb would tutorial overlap the other and the handedness of each subject was noted.The hypothesis of the experiment is that when people clasp their hands, the thumb of the dominant hand may overlap the thumb of the non-dominant hand. In 1999, a scientist by the name of Regis completed 18 studies of parents and their children to find that 55% of the population are left-hand-clappers (therefore right-handed), 44% are right-hand-clappers (left-handed), and the remaining 1% report that they have no reference or are indifferent (ambidextrous).It also states, familial data suggest that hand-clasping may be under genetic control†. Purpose The purpose of this experiment was to study the correlation between thumb dominance and handedness. Hypothesis If an individual is right-handed the right thumb will be dominant when the hands are clasped. If the individual is left handed then the left thumb will be dominant the hands are clasped together. Procedures Equipment Used 50 Volunteers Pen

Factors Affecting Career Preferences of Senior High School Student

Factors Affecting Career Preferences of Senior High School Students An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Asian Computer College-Mayapa In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Fourth Year Students Presented By: Aizel Hernandez Benpar Lo Reyes Jhose Mariz De Roca January 2012 APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfillment of the requirements in Technical Writing, this thesis entitled â€Å" Factors Affecting Career Preferences of Senior High School Student† has been prepared by Aizel Hernandez, Benpar Lo Reyes, and Jhose Mariz De Roca who are hereby recommended for oral defense.The Problem and Its BackgroundINTRODUCTION Our country suffers from multifarious crisis such as socioeconomic crisis, political crisis, and as well as financial crisis which is greatly affected by global economic crisis. Despite of all these crises, Filipinos are imaginative, creative, and courageous to surpass these obstacles in everyday life. Even though there are some companies affected by these crises which they are force to decrease their employees called as â€Å"recession†, some of them have job openings that offer new career opportunities to graduated college students. These job openings also offers a new challenge into their life – a great responsibility lies to his hand that someday will help his family strive to achieve wealthiest, use his acquired knowledge and skills when he engage into a job, and acted as one of the reinforcements in industry that would further improved the depleting economy of the country. All of these come first from wishes and aspirations that arises during childhood years that someday he or she will become a doctor, an architect, a teacher, a police, or an attorney to help those seek needs and help their family to ascend into poverty. According to Ginzberg and his associates, during the fantasy period play gradually becomes work-oriented and reflects initial preferences for certain kind of activities. This stage is the preparation for a child’s highly organized social life they will be required to adjust when they enter the first grade. Career preferences are free opportunity to select a desired career. It is also a decision-making in a confusing situation which occurs during the senior year of high school level. When one is confused in choosing a career, he relies on his friends and relatives. He was confused in a sense that he cannot make his own decision and not yet ready to get into college. According to Tiedemann, career development unfolds within the general process of cognitive development as one resolves ego-relevant crises. He further noted out those decision-making is a continuous process in which individuals will change their courses of career action, generally by leaving a setting or environment. Such as when a student is disoriented in his course he has been taken that will result in decreasing eagerness on that particular field. He decides to transfer in another school or to shift another course that really fits his own interest and. When one is unstable in making decision, these disoriented strategy may be repeated until achieve different bachelor’s degree which can be a major distraction of one’s future job. Super also considered indecisiveness as a period of developmental process when interest was not fully crystallized. Therefore, this study intends to determine the factors affecting career preferences among senior high school students. This factors that serve as preferences of student in choosing a career in college includes childhood aspirations, family/ relatives, peer/ friends, interest and specialization, values, in-demand jobs, school guidance counselor; and anticipated problems encountered are presumed to affect the student preferences of their career.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMWe, as the student chose this topic because we are graduating student and we are now in the point of planning what career are we going to take. Still, we are undecided what course is suitable for us. We chose this because we want to know what are the factors that affects us to think what are we going to take. The study aimed to determine the factors affecting career preferences of senior high school students. Specifically, it sought to answer the following sub problems: a. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of the senior high school students in terms of: ? Sex ?Age ?Parents Educational Attainment ?Parents Occupation ?Size of Income ?Sibling Position b. What are the top three expressed career choices of the students? c. What re the preferences of students in choosing a career in college in terms of: ? Childhood ?Family/Relatives ?Peer/Friends ?Aspirations Values ?In-Demand Jobs ?School Guidance Counselor d. What are the anticipated problems encountered in making their career choice?HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDYThe following hypotheses are formulated for acceptance or rejection of study: The socio-demographic characteristics (such as sex, age, parents’ educational attainment, parents’ occupation, size of income, and sibling position) does not affect the career preferences of the senior high school students. The preference of student in terms of childhood aspirations, family/ relatives, values, in-demand jobs, and school guidance counselor does not affect their career choice. The anticipated problem encountered by students does not affect their career choice.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK THEORITICAL FRAMEWORKThe study is anchored on the theory of Donald Super which focuses on the development of life roles over the life span with emphasis on interrole congruence. His vocational concept as a part of self-concept is formed, it is the driving force that establishes a career pattern one will follow through life. Vocational developmental tasks are derived from vocational stages which provides framework for vocational behavior and attitudes.VOCATIONAL DEVELOPMENTAL STAGESGrowth (birth-age 14 or 15), characterized by development of capacity, attitudes, interests, and needs associated with self-concepts;Explanatory (ages 15-24), characterized by a tentative phase in which choices are narrowed but not finalized;Establishment (ages 25-44), characterized by trial and stabilization through work experiences;Maintenance (ages 45-64), characterized by a continual adjustment process to improve working position and situation;Decline (ages 65+), characterized by preretirement considerations, reduced work output, and eventual retirement.The crystallization task (ages 14-18) is forming a preferred career plan and considering how it might be implemented. Pertinent information is studied with the goal of becoming more aware of the preferred choice and the wisdom of preference. The specification task (ages 18- 21) follows in which the individual feels the need to specify the career plan through more specific resources and explicit awareness of cogent variables of the preferred choice. The implementation task (ages 21-24) is accomplished by the completion of training and entry into the career and develops a feeling of security in career position. The stabilization (ages 24-35) is reached when the individual is firmly established in a career and develops a feeling of security in career position. Finally, the consolidation task (35+) follows with advancement and seniority in a career. Super also identified six dimensions that he thought were relevant and appropriate for adolescents:Orientation to Vocational Choice (an attitudinal dimension determining whether the individual is concerned with the eventual vocational choice to be made);Information and Planning (a competence dimension concerning specificity of information individuals have concerning future career decisions and past planning accomplished);Consistency of Vocational Preferences (individuals’ consistency of preferences);Crystallization of Traits (individual progress toward forming a self-concept);Vocational Independence (independence of work experience);Wisdom of Vocational Preferences (dimension concerned with individuals ability to make realistic preferences consistent with personal tasks).This theory is found to be appropriate because of its stressfulness in terms of developing a career plan that will guid e the individual in choosing a career in college. Also, Super’s six-dimension is appropriate for adolescent is truly applicable because senior high school students are fall under this category. Another theory adopted for the research is David Tiedeman’s5 self-development approach to career. He believes that evolving ego-identity is of central importance in the career development process. He referred to the evolving self-in-situation from the earliest awareness of self to point at which individual becomes capable of evaluating experiences, anticipating, and imagining future goals, and storing experiences in memory for future reference with his context of Erik Erikson’s eight psychosocial crises. Self-in-situation, self-in-world and the orientation of work evolve as one resolves the psychosocial crises of life. He therefore conceptualized a paradigm for problem-solving as the mechanism of career decision making. His paradigm covers four aspects of anticipation or preoccupation (exploration, crystallization, choice, and clarification) and three aspects of implementation of adjustment (induction, reformation, and integration).ASPECTS OF ANTICIPATION, PREOCCUPATION, IMPLEMENTATION, AND ADJUSTMENTAspects of Anticipation Or Preoccupation Characteristics EXPLORATIONThinking is rather temporary and evanescent in nature.There is consideration and reconsideration of possible courses of action.Through imagination, one experiences numerous activities by relating feelings of self within certain structures or premises.There is searching through projection into tentative goals.There is a focus on future behavior with alternative courses of action.There is a reflection upon aspirations, abilities, interests, and future societal implications related to career choice.CRYSTALLIZATIONThere is a continued assessment of alternatives.Fewer alternatives are under consideration.There is an emergence of tentative choices.Tentative choices may be reevaluated in the process of valuing and ordering.Goals become more definite and formed but are not irreversible.There is a definite more toward stability of thought.CHOICEA definite goal is chosen.There is a focus on a particular behavior necessary to reach the chosen goal.CLARIFICATIONThis period is marked by further clarification of self in the chosen position.Further consideration of the anticipated position lessens the doubts of the career position.A stronger conviction about the career decision is developed.This ends the anticipatory or preoccupation stage.Aspects of ImplementationCharacteristics INDUCTIONThis period begins the social interaction experience with career identification.There is a further identification of self and defense of self within the career social system.As acceptance is experienced within the career, part of self is merged with the accepting group.There is a further progression of individualized goal but within the framework of the totality of a career concerning social purpose.REFORMATIONThe career group offers acknowledgement of acceptance as a group member.There is assertive action on the part of the individual the career group and outside the career group, spawned by the newfound conditions.Assertive action takes the form of convincing others to conform to the self-view held by the individual and toward greater acceptance of modified goals.INTEGRATIONA compromise of intensions of goal is achieved by the individuals as he/she interacts with the career group.Objectivity of self and the career group is attained.Identification of a working member within the total system of the career field emerges.Satisfaction of a committed cause or action is at least temporarily attained.Tiedemann stressed out why individual change their courses of action because of external factors because of external forces (such as the call of the armed forces, an economic crisis, the work setting itself) or by broad psychological drives (such as unmet needs, changing aspirations, role diffusion). According to the prescribed sequence, a new decision unfolds and must be made, beginning with exploration and eventually reaching integration. If integration is not reached once again, the individual may adapt to a career environment or may simply withdraw and begin a new search for eventual integration.THEORITICAL PARADIGMThe rationale between these two theories is one follows a vocational self-concept which is a driving force that establishes a career pattern one will follow through life but there are some factors could might altered this pattern. These factors, such as external forces (called of armed services, economic crisis, work setting itself) and psychological drives (unmet needs, changing aspirations, role diffusion) altered the career patterns of individual. Super said that indecisiveness is a period in developmental process when interests have not been fully crystallized. Individuals lead to discriminate 2 or more choices of two or more occupational objectives when uncertainty about future occurs. Tiedemann noted that as individuals become more aware of the developing character of the career process itself, they are more willing to make changes and to alter or redefine a decision.CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKFuture-tension can be surpassing if individual has a preparation to overcome it. Career preparedness will help the student become more effective and successful in life with his chosen job. Childhood aspiration has a major role on individual’s striving force. As they grow older, the more they want, the more they will strive to get it. But external factors (environment and society) and internal factors (self-crisis and family) changes their aspirations in life. Such as when a child wants to be a nurse to cure a patient in his illness but because of her interest like drawing and painting changes his aspirations. His interest got more concentrated so she will take a course which is suitable for it. Some graduated high-school students gradually stop in pursuing their college career. Financial sustainability plays a major role in alterations of career life. They need to work in order to sustain their studies, as wells as to help their family about expenses and earlier exposure to a company. Career preferences, then can be conceptualized as a process of decision-making. It also involves a series of prime factors such as the socio-demographic profile (sex, age, parents educational attainment, parents occupation, size of income, and sibling position). Likewise, it will identify the top three expressed career choices, preferences for the career choice such as childhood aspirations, family / relatives, peer /friends, interest and specialization, values, in-demand jobs, and school counselor; their anticipated problems encountered and how these problems affect the students in making their career preferences; and sibling position.CONCEPTUAL PARADIGM SCOPE AND LIMITATIONSThe respondents were taken from the different secondary schools in the City of Calamba. The senior high school students were whole selected as a part of the study. This study focused on their career preferences of senior high school students of different secondary schools here in the City of Calamba. It looked into their socio- demographic characteristics in terms of sex, age, parent’s educational attainment, parents occupation, size of income, and sibling position; top three career choice; preference of students in choosing a career in terms of childhood aspirations, family/relatives, peer/friends, values, â€Å"in-demand† jobs, and school guidance counselor; and anticipated problems encountered in making their career choices. The researcher considered senior high school students as the respondents since some of them are still undecided of course they want to pursue and suffers from difficulties in deciding their last term in high school excluded lower years since they are not yet capable of making a career decision and still pursuing their target specialization.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYEducation is the totality of learning acquired by individual which is inherited from one generation to another, while career is serve as its application. The collaboration of these two fields plays a key in improving individual’s competence and professionalism and serve as their personal achievement. Therefore, this study is deemed significant to the following stakeholder for the following reasons:To the Students – The respondents are the center of the research because ultimately they develop the awareness of themselves, strength, and weaknesses for their career development by continually summarizing and reflecting upon what they are learning from home, school, and community. In totality, students are in charge of their own choice.To the Parents – In this study, parents will realize how important they are as a source of encouragement in which children are free to explore different areas of career preferences. This study will look forward in giving their children an assurance to acquire quality education that would enable them to obtain better job, better income, and brighter future.To the Teacher – This stu dy will give information to the teachers of ACC and LCBA as to the preferences of students such that they can focus on the skills needed by the students if ever the latter would pursue the career they have chosen.To the School Administration – The result of this study will help the school administration in putting up an effective, integrated career information and guidance system that plays a very helpful role in guiding students towards making the best possible career decisions.To the Researcher – The process and outcome of this study will produce a great satisfaction, competence, and professionalism to the field.Although the topic of the study is focused on career which belongs to the field known as Industrial Psychology, the purpose is to have a diversity and idea about the field rather than understanding the abnormalities of human behavior.DEFINITION OF TERMSThe following terms are conceptually or operationally defined to enhance the understanding of the readers of this paper.Crisis – an unstable or crucial time or state of affairs whose outcome will make a decisive difference for better or worse. In this study, crisis is mentioned into four: socio-economic, political, financial, as well as global economic.Recession – a period of reduced economic activity or withdrawal. In this study, recession refers to a decrease of employees in a company affected by economic crisis.Career – a field for or pursuit of consecutive progressive achievement especially in public, professional, or business life. In this study, career is the application of education whereby it is the totality of acquired knowledge.Ego-Relevant Crisis – is derived from Erik Erikson’s eight psychosocial crises such as *Trust*Autonomy*Initiative*Industry *Identity*Intimacy*Generativity*Ego-Integrity.Disoriented Strategy – displace from normal position or relationship. In the study, this term refers to mechanism of students when he or she is un stable in choosing a career which can be repeated.Socio-Demographic Characteristics – refers to sex, age, parent’s educational attainment, parent’s occupation, size of income, and sibling position.Sibling Position – the position of respondent in his family, whether he or she was a first child, second child, third child, etc.Preference – other term for recommend ; the power or opportunity of choosing. In the study, the term career preference refers to the basis of student in choosing the course he wants whether it comes from his childhood aspirations, relatives, peer, his values in life, interest and specialization, and school guidance counselor.Childhood Aspirations – the child’s infantile wishes of what he wants when grew up.Interest – to induce or persuade ; to participate or engage.Specialization – to concentrate one’s efforts in a special activity of field.Values – refers to motivated drives the individ ual is striving to achieve their aspirations in life.â€Å"In-Demand† Jobs – refers to the majority of present occupation which many companies are in need for a particular job.School Guidance Counselor – is a type of counseling profession specialized in assisting the tudents in choosing their career in college and as well as vocational or educational problems.Anticipated Problems – the expected problems of student’s career choice. For example, financial sustainability, poor health, self-conflicts, etc.Self-Concept – the mental image one has of oneself.Vocational Self-Concept – a driving force that establishes a career pattern one will follow through life.Vocational Ego-Involvement – a term which describes Tiedemann’s self-development approach to career.Review of Related Literature and Studies Career preference is the process of decision-making.A great number of studies, researches, and write-ups has been conducted for a period of time and still emerged as one of the top-priority research due to rapid changing and need of time. This chapter is the presentation of literature and studies from foreign to local which may directly or indirectly bearing to study at hand. Relevance to present studies will give a big picture why these literature and studies from foreign to local are used.FOREIGN LITERATUREAccording to Howard stressed out that whenever students are in their high school experience, they are the center of learning. In a traditional high school, the center of the system is the content or subject, not student learning. Howard and Ill present a system to promote the shift from traditional content or subject –centered high schools to student-centered high schools which is called as Collaborative Career Pathways – a system of organizing the student learning interests and aptitudes around career paths. It provides a structure for students to reference their learning and comment each year of their high school experience. It allows students to plan and practice their skills while creating a smooth and successful transition to a post-secondary option. Goffredson’s Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations describes how people become attracted to certain occupations. Self-concept in vocational development is the key factor to career selection and people want jobs that are compatible with their self-image. The key determinants of self-concept are one’s social class, level of intelligence, and experiences with sex-typing. Roe’s need approach emphasized that early childhood experiences play an important role in finding satisfaction in one’s chosen field. The need structure of the individual, according to Roe, would be greatly influenced by early childhood frustrations and satisfactions. According to John Holland , individuals are attracted to a given career by their particular personalities and numerous variables that constitute their backgrounds. First of all, career choice is an expression of, or an extension of personality into the world of work followed by subsequent identification with specific occupational stereotypes. Accordingly, one chooses a career to satisfy preferred modal personal orientation. Modal personal orientation is a developmental process established through heredity and the individual’s life history of reacting to environmental demands. If the individual has developed a strong dominant orientation, satisfaction is probable in a corresponding occupational environment. If, however the orientation is one of indecision, the livelihood of satisfaction diminishes. LOCAL STUDIES According to the study conducted by Siguan Jr. (1994), it was found out that the students self-concept showed no significant influence on their career preferences. The academic achievements of students proved to be significant related to their career preferences. The school were students came from had no influence on their choice of career. He recommends that a more improved and functional guidance provided in school to help students make sound career choices. The guidance services in school must be collaborative efforts of the administrator, guidance counselors, and teachers. Classroom teachers are encouraged to do their best in improving teaching learning processes, considering that academic achievement of student influences their career preferences. Another tudy conducted by Almerino (2003), it was found out that a big picture of a big family with low educational attainment and inadequate investment was the sole foundation of choosing a course, which was psychologically motivated. The respondent’s level of preferred intelligence did not match to their chosen course. This could be drawn from the required level of the course in contrast with their level of preferred intelligence. The necessity of developing a career development program was need in order to prevent any misfits and to assist students in the process of crystallizing their career in life. She recommended that this program be effectively implemented. Personal interests, abilities, skills, and values are the most influential factors in coming chosen occupation by the participants according to Pabiton (2007). These imply that like other graduating students in high school students, the participants seemed to have chosen occupation. She also noted that the students be given all the chances to learn and develop the skills and attitudes required for various occupations. She recommends that career counselors could give more emphasis on this environmental factor during individual and small group career counseling.FOREIGN STUDIESAccording to the study conducted by Garcez (2007) , it was found out that by increasing career development activities, which includes setting career goals, students had a higher self- esteem. Maybe even more important, however, is that students were more satisfied about the education they were receiving. This will, in turn, hopefully lead to students ha ving a deeper desire and commitment to succeed in their education. Another outcome of a higher self-esteem, is that those students chose more difficult goals than students with low self-esteems. She noted that excellent detailed plan for teaching parents and teachers how to teach young students to set career goals. The plan requires a total community effort through educators, parents, and businesses. Students must be given an opportunity to identify and explore their desired careers. They can accomplish this through the â€Å"School to Work Transition† or â€Å"Job Shadowing Program. † Through the cooperative efforts of the entire community, students can identify career choices, set career goals, and have higher self-esteems at an early age.Ultimately, they will further their education and have a better chance of succeeding in the â€Å"do or die† world in which we live.LOCAL LITERATUREAccording to Elmer (1989), career planning is life goal-setting. Without such a plan, it is like making a journey to an unfamiliar destination without a map. He proposed a Career Planning Guide that will help the students in choosing their appropriate course from planning a career, steps in planning career, goal-setting and self-understanding. Also, it reveals that guidance and counseling is intervention of underemployment individuals and career preparedness must be initiated.SYNTHESIS OF THE PRESENT STUDIESThe studies reviewed provide ample evidence that career development program is in need and must have a collaborative efforts made by school administrator, teachers, and mostly guidance counselor in crystallizing student’s career decision. The teaching methodologies or strategies must be improved and concentrate on student’s learning and not by subjects.Research MethodologyThis chapter presents the research design, population and sample of the study, research instruments, data gathering procedures, and statistical treatment of data. RESEARCH DESIGN This study used a descriptive survey method used to assess socio-demographic characteristics such as sex, age, parent’s educational attainment, parent’s occupation, size of income, sibling position; the top three expressed career choices; preference of student in choosing a career and anticipated problems that affect the career choices of senior high school students of Laguna College of Business and Arts and Asian Computer College. Descriptive research is a purposive process of data gathering, analyzing, classifying and tabulating data about prevailing conditions, practices, beliefs, processes, trends, and cause-effect relationships and then adequate and accurate interpretation about such data with or without aid of statistical treatment. POPULATION AND SAMPLE OF THE STUDY There are 173 respondents of this study came from LCBA and ACC but only 124 participated answering the survey questionnaire. Stratified random sampling is used to select randomly, samples from the different strata of the population. This type of sampling is used when the population has class stratifications or grouping either horizontally or vertically. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire checklist to gather the needed data for the student’s profile. The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based on the researcher’s readings, previous studies, professional literature, published and unpublished thesis relevant to the study. In the preparation of the instrument, the requirements in the designing of good data collection instrument were considered. For instance, statement describing the situations or issues pertaining was toned down to accommodate the knowledge preparedness of the respondents. Open-ended options were provided to accommodate to free formatted views related to the topics or issues. In this way, the instrument is authorized to obtain valid responses of the students. Preference for the use of the structured questionnaire is premised on several research assumptions such as a) cost of being a least expensive means of gathering data, b) avoidance of personal bias, c) less pressure for immediate response, and giving the respondents a greater feeling of anonymity.In the end, it encouraged open responses to sensitive issues at hand.DATA GATHERING PROCEDUREThe first step before going to the testing proper is to make a request letter. Upon approval, the researcher retrieves the request letter. The Prefect-of-Discipline, as well as the High School Department OIC, class advisers and other faculty members were selected in the administration. In administering the questionnaire, the researcher was use the time allotted for vacant to avoid distractions of class discussions. The student responses were given enough time to answer the questions.After data gathering, the researcher now collected it for tallying the scores and to apply the statistical treatment to be used with the study.STATISTICAL TREATMENT FOR DATAThe responses made by students describing their socio-demographic characteristics, preference of choosing their career, and anticipated problems were presented. For instance, sex, age, parent’s educational attainment, parent’s occupation, size of income and sibling position. This was also applied for top three career choice and students preference in making his career choice. In providing overall picture of the socio-demographic characteristics and career preference, as well as anticipated problems in pursuing their studies and its effect on students, summary presentations will also presented. Responses to the questionnaire by senior high school students were statistically analyzed with the data requirements of the study. Students were statistically analyzed with the data instruments of the study. Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, mean, percent and rank are considered.Review of Related Literature and StudiesIn this chapter, the data gathered from the senior students of Asian Computer College and Laguna College of Business and Arts in relation to the research objectives. This chapter discusses the result of the semi-structured questionnaire responded by 124 participants. Before the initiation of the research study the significance, rationale and purpose of the study were provided respondents. Furthermore, the respondents have also been given the assurance that all the data they will give are used for the purpose of the research and the identities of the respondents will be confidential. The object is to determine the effects of choosing career preferences in the College Degree. The conduct of this study entails a detailed account of the socio-demographic profile of the respondents. It is assumed that the attributes of the respondents influence their behavior and answers on the survey questions. Of particular significance to the achievement of the goals and objectives of the study – which is to be an instrument of analysis of the institution to gauge where it is now and where it is heading, thus what changes are to be made –is to be able to answer the research questions.

General Aspects Of Calcium Looping Environmental Sciences Essay

The extenuation of CO2 emanations by power workss is without a uncertainty a precedence, nevertheless some of the engineerings available impose important energy punishments [ 1 ] . Calcium iteration is engineering for the phase of CO2 gaining control, which is usually the most dearly-won phase in the CSS procedure [ 2 ] . This engineering has the potency to extinguish up to 90 per centum of the emanations generated by coal-burning power Stationss, which could farther be improved by combination with biomass-fired power Stationss [ 2 ] . It has gained great attending due to the comparatively little extra energy that requires to run ( estimated at 6 to 8 per centum ) compared to other CO2 gaining control engineerings and the usage of crushed limestone as a sorbent which is unusually inexpensive [ 1 ] .General facets of calcium-loopingThe engineering is based on the reversible gas-solid reaction of Ca oxide ( CaO ) and C dioxide ( CO2 ) to bring forth Ca carbonate ( CaCO3 ) [ 3 ] . This is used to bring forth a pure watercourse of CO2 available for geological segregation [ 1 ] . Calcium iteration has a figure of advantages compared to closer to-market gaining control strategies, including: the usage of go arounding fluidized bed reactors ( a mature engineering at big graduated table ) ; sorbent derived from abundant and environmentally benign limestone and dolomite precursors [ 2 ] . Another cardinal advantage is the synergism with the cement industry which allows potentially to decarbonise both cement production and electricity coevals [ 2 ] . A low punishment is achieved partly because portion of the energy is recovered in the signifier of hot sorbent stuff and the hot CO2 can besides be used to power an extra steam rhythm [ 3 ] . The reversible reaction once described can be expressed as it follows: CaO ( s ) + CO2 ( g ) a† Ã¢â‚¬  CaCO3 ( s ) I†Hr,298K = – 178 kJ/mol One of the cardinal restrictions is the ability of the limestone to respond lessenings with the figure of rhythms and hence much of the research for this engineering is aimed at methods to optimise the long-run responsiveness or to reactivate it [ 1 ] . There are important similarities between the post-combustion and pre-combustion procedures ; since both use CaO ( calcium oxide ) as a sorbent and this non entirely, but normally derived from limestone [ 1 ] . This sorbent is repeatedly cycled between two vass: in one of them the carbonation of CaO occurs by depriving the fluke gas from the CO2 it contains, the first vas is called the carbonator [ 1 ] . At this point Ca carbonate ( CaCO3 ) is formed and it is transferred to the 2nd vas ( calciner ) in which calcination takes topographic point [ 1 ] . The CaO is transferred back to the carbonator vas go forthing pure CO2 available for segregation [ 1 ] .Pre-combustionThe overall reaction that takes topographic point in the gasifier can be described by the undermentioned equation: CO ( g ) + H2O ( g ) + CaO ( s ) = CaCO3 + H2 ( g ) I†Hr,298K = -219 kJ/mol In the gasifier, it is desired to utilize calcium oxide as a sorbent for CO2 since it removes CO2, generates H2 as a merchandise and the carbonation of calcium hydroxide generates utile heat that can be used to drive farther reactions. A extremely promising procedure has been developed by the ZECA ( Zero Emission Coal Alliance ) that involves the usage of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( SOFC ) . Pre-combustion applications of calcium-looping are particularly assuring for H2 production. There are nevertheless, important barriers that are yet to be resolved [ 1 ] . Most of the restrictions are derived from the fuel cell itself, since it must be able to work at temperatures over 1370 K and digest sulfur compounds. The procedure is described by figure 2 and the reactions that take topographic point in each measure of the procedure can be found in table 1. Figure 1. Flow diagram of the ZEC procedure [ 6 ] Figure 1. Flow diagram of the ZEC procedure [ 6 ] . Gasification vas C ( s ) A +A 2H2 ( g ) A a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢A CH4 ( g ) C ( s ) A +A 2H2O ( g ) A a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢A CO ( g ) A +A H2 ( g ) A +A H2O ( g ) A a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢A CO2 ( g ) A +A 2H2 ( g ) Carbonation and reforming vas ( s ) ( integrated heat transportation ) CH4 ( g ) A +A 2H2O ( g ) A a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢A CO2 ( g ) A +A 4H2 ( g ) CaO ( s ) A +A CO2 ( g ) A a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢A CaCO3 ( s ) Calcination vas CaCO3 ( s ) A a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢A CaO ( s ) A +A CO2 ( g ) Fuel cell 2H2 ( g ) A +A O2 ( g ) A a† Ã¢â‚¬â„¢A 2H2O ( g ) Table 1.A Reactions involved in the ZEC procedure.Post-combustionPost burning calcium-looping is a extremely promising engineering since it offers an obvious chemical compatibility with cement production that will be discussed farther. There is a figure of procedures that are presently traveling from pilot to demonstration scale [ 1 ] , nevertheless for a general overview a general procedure will be described ; in this instance the one used by Shimizu et al [ 4 ] . For this procedure, a sorbent derived from limestone is used to capture the CO2 contained in the fluke gas produced by an bing power works [ 1 ] . The fluke gas is passed through a fluidised bed carbonator runing at temperatures between 873 and 923 K [ 1 ] . The limestone-derived dissolver is so inserted into the calciner ; a 2nd fluidised bed that operates at temperatures between 1173 and 1223K [ 1 ] . Coal is one time more burnt in the calciner to supply extra heat for calcination, but coal at this phase is burnt in a O2 and CO2 atmosphere in order to keep concentrations of CO2 every bit high as possible [ 1 ] . Most of the heat produced at this phase can be used to run a hi-efficiency steam rhythm. Abanades et Al. [ 5 ] estimations an overall energy punishment that ranges from 6 to 8 per centum for the overall procedure. Figure 2: Potential burning procedure utilizing Ca iteration ( post burning ) [ 1 ] . Although Post-combustion gaining control has become a precedence merely late, it has been used for a considerable sum of clip for H production, in this manner it can still be used as an extra beginning of energy that can add considerable advantages to the overall procedure.Synergy with cement industryThe high environmental impact of cement fabrication has for a long clip been capable of concern, furthermore, calcination of CaCO3 histories for about 50 per centum of the CO2 emanations of cement industry [ 1 ] . If the engineering were to be applied at a really big graduated table, the purging rate could and should be optimised to guarantee that disposal of the waste merchandises are non debatable [ 1 ] . Since the sorbent used in Ca iteration can merely be used for a limited figure of rhythms, it has been proposed that it could be used for cement industry alternatively of CaCO3 that is usually used [ 7 ] . The cement industry can avoid CaCO3 calcification and hence the antecedently me ntioned emanations can be avoided. In this manner the â€Å" waste † sorbent that would be otherwise wasted by the gaining control of CO2 utilizing calcium-looping, can be used by the cement industry. While this is in rule true, there is a demand to carry on farther experiments in order to specify how other constituents introduced into the CaO behave during the cement fabrication procedure, prior to continue to large-scale operations [ 7 ] .Figure 3: Main flows of the proposed system incorporating a CO2-intensive industrial procedure ( e.g. power coevals ) , calcium-looping CO2 gaining control and cement industry. The flecked line represents the watercourse of involvement in this work [ 1 ] .Sorbent ResponsivenessAs discussed before the decrease of the responsiveness in the sorbent is one of the chief restrictions that is presently under extended research. It is likely that for different types of limestone there will be different optimum solutions, since each type of stone ha ve different grain sizes, drosss, construction and other features [ 1 ] . Thermal pre-activation is a solution based on the premiss that a stone will non needfully go more reactive compared to an untreated one, but over a figure of rhythms it remains reactive for a longer period of clip [ 8 ] . The experiments were conducted by Manovic and Anthony [ 1 ] by heating the sorbent at a temperature of 1273 K repeatedly [ 1 ] . Hydration of the sorbent is presently another assuring method of keeping responsiveness, which is frequently used in SO4 gaining control, nevertheless the force per unit area in the vas is required to increase in order for the hydration to take topographic point [ 1 ] . Experiments by Manovic and Anthony [ 9 ] and Fennel et Al were conducted under different temperatures and force per unit areas, but both concluded that responsiveness for sorbents can be doubled by agencies of hydration. Biamey et Al. provinces that if hydration is to be used as a reactivation scheme for CO2 gaining control, lessons should be learned from its application to SO2 gaining control [ 1 ] .

A live speech Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A live speech - Assignment Example The speaker had a concise outline to his speech which he gave beforehand so that the audience knew the areas that he was going to be dealing with; these included an introduction to social networking and the impact that it has on college life, the various pros and cons of social networking websites ranging from productivity among students, popularity and medium of communication to assisting in extracurricular activities. Finally, a counter argument was also presented to give the speech a moot point and help the audience decide for themselves rather than sway them into thinking on one track of the topic. Most of the audience included students from various high schools and colleges around the city because it was an event conducted by a few colleges around the city for both high school as well as college level students. The speaker had a very strong thesis statement because of the fact that it centred around the entire speech very well. The statement that he made was ‘Social media websites have been thus affecting school and college students’ grades because students end up spending more time on websites rather than studying.’ He was a very good speaker because of the reason that he was continuously engaging in conversation with the audience by making excellent eye contact with everyone as well as asking questions that helped people relate with what he was talking about. A few members of the audience were asked how they spent their day, and they replied by stating that they spend their hours after school or college in front of the computer, on websites like Twitter and Face book. These websites take up all their time because the new generation is obsessed with documenting their every thought on the internet. Moreover, they like checking into places on their Face book, updating their status and spend hours on a single photograph that someone would have tagged them on, commenting. All these activities eat up into their study time and they fail to g et good grades or concentrate in the classroom due to being so hooked on to these websites all the time. The speaker also asked people to raise their hands to questions relating to the use of various websites, number of hours spent on them, and whether it has helped them gain popularity among their peers or not. An overview of the speech was given in the form of a listed outline at the very beginning as mentioned earlier, and thus people were prepared for the speaker. Moreover, this also added to their interest because the crowd, as a young generation group, was hard to please and the speaker was able to grab their attention easily by talking about Face book and Twitter and other such websites that find common interest among the youth today. People were thus able to easily anticipate the kind of questions that would be asked; the speaker used a presentation in the form of a power point to display a few posters that depicted statistics of the number of people in college using social networking websites and how the same either helped or hindered their daily lives and college grades. The audience found this very interesting and from the speaker’s point of view as well it was an excellent method of catching people’s attention easily rather than making them listen to his thoughts for the entire course of the speech. He talked about how the social network is a wonderful place to be for every individual in the world today because it

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Management - Assignment Example This role is ensured through a number of means including planning, designing, supervising and controlling the process of production (Maloney, 1998). Operations management is highly important in ensuring the achievement of two major goals, which are the effectiveness and efficiency of the business operations. By effectiveness, reference is being made to the fact that it ensures that customer and consumer specifications and expectations are met whiles by efficiency, reference is being made to the need of ensuring that limited available resources are well used to accomplish estimated rate of production. Operations management is needed both in the service and manufacturing sectors but given the fact that the manufacturing sector requires several components of production than the service sector, it would be said that operations management is more needed in the manufacturing industries than in the services sector. After all, in the manufacturing industry, there are more processes to follow , which demand operations management than in the service sector. 2. Discuss the use of PERT/CPM techniques for managing projects. Describe what PERT/CPM does. Discuss advantages and disadvantages of using it. What other techniques might you choose to manage your project? With the advent of technology, there have been a lot more inventions and innovations that have been devised to ensure that project management go on more easily and accessibly. Most of such technologies make use of software that is integrated into existing roles played by project managers. Some of these tasks are statistics and algorithm. With program evaluation and review technique and critical path method, project managers are offered the opportunity to have a digitized versions of statistical and algorithm functioning in project management. More specifically, program evaluation and review technique and critical path method are structured to analyze and symbolize the individual tasks composed in getting the project completed (Maloney, 1998). The advantages associated with these two techniques are that they aid in analyzing the total time needed to finish given tasks. This is so because they analyze all independent tasks involved in the project. Again, they undertake the general scheduling of projects activities. All of these not withstanding; there come disadvantages in the sense that they are hardly scalable for minute projects (Campos and Root, 2006). In the absence of these two, beta distribution and activity diagram could be used to manage projects. 3. What are economies of scale in a manufacturing plant? Do they continue forever? What are diseconomies of scale? How might you decide the optimal size of a plant? In a typical manufacturing plant, the rate of production over time is often fixed. For example, for a given period of time, it is known that on each day, X number of goods will be produced. Due to business growth and decline purposes, there are times that the rates of production wi th changing economic factors. This is where economies of scale and diseconomies of scale come in. basically, economies of scale is said to have been reached or attained when the scale of output increases as the cost per unit declines (Campos and Root, 2006). In such a situation, the resulting short to medium term effect is that revenue and general turnover of the manufacturing plant will increase. Economies of scale often come about because of expansions that lead to several goods and products being produced at lower costs. Economies of scale do not occur forever because of fluctuating growth rate and microeconomic factors. Diseconomies of scale could be said to be the direct opposite of economies of scale

Tobacco- Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tobacco- - Research Paper Example Soon after its arrival in Europe, the crop became widely cultivated. The growth of its popularity in European nations was due to the supposed medicinal capability of the plant. In 1571, Nicolas Monardes authored a book on medicinal plants in which he praised tobacco as a medicinal plant. According to Monardes tobacco would cure approximately 36 health problems. It is such popularization, which spurred the use of tobacco in 1600’s to an extent that tobacco was used as a value exchange product. Tobacco was as good as money in the early 1600 period. The world did not know that what had become misleadingly acceptable would become a leading respiratory disease causing agent with carcinogenic effects (Randall 1). Currently, there are millions of men and women across the globe that smoke, chew and sniff tobacco products. However, smoking is the most popular form of tobacco use, and among the leading causes of preventable health conditions and death (Jiloha 64). This is partly due to the fact that there are numerous cigarette manufacturing firms, and cigarettes are easily available in most retail points. All these factors coupled with prolific advertising, encourage the development of smoking habits among the youth. According to Jiloha (64), an estimated 1.3 billion people smoke tobacco worldwide, and half of this population will prematurely succumb to some form of tobacco-related illness. Tobacco smoking accounts for 5 million deaths annually, with tobacco related illnesses being the second major cause of death (Jiloha 65). Modest estimates show that if the current trend persists, tobacco may cause approximately 10 million deaths per annum by 2020. The health sector is the most affected by th e use of tobacco because it causes many health problems such as respiratory and cardiovascular complications. The most common respiratory conditions resulting from prolonged tobacco use include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cancer, and airway

Economic development in Germany after the First Word War (between 1919 Essay

Economic development in Germany after the First Word War (between 1919 and 1933) - Essay Example Instantaneously after the First World War, Germany began making efforts of recuperating from their effects of war through social expenditure. The Germany government commenced projects that involved enhancing the transport sector, starting gas works and also trying to revolutionize their power plants. This was an attempt to lessen the escalation in the rate of joblessness which was becoming worse to the country’s economy (Huefner & Woergoetter, 2008). The working class in German got greater political and social representation in the society. Those people, who came from humble backgrounds, for example those in the army, were promoted in their jobs and they started earning better wages. There was equally an explosion in trade unionism in German. The socialist and trade union movements in Germany became much stronger than they were in 1914. These unions no longer concentrated in banning strikes among their employees but they also adjudicated for peace so that there would be no repeat of the war that had resulted in the loss of millions of families as well as leaving most of the men who had taken part in the war wounded. The social spending subsequently started growing with the government using 65 marks for each inhabitant by 1925 as compared to the expenditure of 20.5 marks in the year 1913. By the year 1929, the government’s expenses were more than one hundred marks per inhabitant. The German government took control over banks and they literally controlled the money that flowed in and out of the banks. The government also took control over foreign trade as well as the manufacture and sale of food. The production and sale of armaments was equally put under the government control. Maximum prices for various goods were set by the government so as to raise more revenue to meet its ever increasing demands. Apart from all these, the franchise enterprise was

Prospectus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prospectus - Assignment Example s is the issue of fatigue, which can directly or indirectly affect the nature and likelihood of human error in the flight desk, especially with the recent commercial developments. Fatigue has a direct and well established impact on human performance. The purpose of this paper is to explore fatigue as one of the human factors that leads to accidents in the aviation industry and ways to mitigate its impact through use of various mitigating factors that ranges from Crew Resource Management (CRM) to the implementation of Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs). To control the effects of fatigue in the aviation industry, fatigue management mechanisms should be employed. These mechanisms involve a process that that has three steps: Identifying causes of fatigue, recognizing effects of fatigue and lastly implementing fatigue strategies. Identifying the causes of fatigue is the first step in fatigue management. Having in mind the recent and continuous commercial developments, the likelihood of the flight crew fatigue may be as a result of: cumulative sleep debt, unsympathetic rotating shift schedules, extended shifts and flying hours, circadian misalignment and the need to perform additional ground-based management (Flight Safety Foundation, 2003). Effects of fatigue may ranges from minor errors to fatal errors or major accidents. Fatigue makes pilots to scan instruments less effectively; it affects their timing actions and ability to anticipate situations with the required level of accuracy. Implementing the coping strategies to fatigue would make remarkable progress in improving safety and efficiency required to reduce and manage human errors. With proper management of fatigue, we can optimize the match between people and the systems in which they work, while improving safety and performance. These strategies include; Conducting Crew Resource Management (CRM) training: The aim of this training is to educate the crew on the limits of human performance as well as to

Short Story fiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Short Story fiction - Essay Example After leaving Red Sammy’s place, Grandmother throws a tantrum in order to be taken to a plantation nearby that she had known long ago. Bailey agrees to divert into the way in which his mother shows him. The grandmother realizes she has lost all recollection of the plantation. They drive back when they fail to trace the plantation. Grandmother’s cat jumps out of its box and lands on Bailey’s shoulder. Bailey loses control of the car and off the road. The car flips and plunges into a ditch. Just then, another car approaches them, and three men climb out. These men are The Misfit, Hiram, and Bobby Lee. The grandmother recognizes the Misfit, and he is unhappy with the fact that somebody recognizes him (Kilcourse 73). Grandmother tries to flatter the Misfit, but as it turns out, he is the hard-to-please kind. He orders Bobby Lee and Hiram to take John Wesley and Bailey into the forest. A moment later, Bobby Lee and Hiram shoots and kills them in cold blood. Grandmothe r fears for her life and she resorts to her Christian faith for the hope to live through the moment. The Misfit puts on Bailey’s shirt that Bobby Lee and Hiram have brought to him after killing Wesley and Bailey. Grandmother pleads with the Misfit not to kill her and advises him to pray to Jesus. In a matter of seconds, the Misfit shoots the grandmother thrice in the chest. Hiram and Bobby Lee come back from killing The Mother, June Star and the baby. The Misfit remarks that there is no pleasure in life (Kirk 39). Analysis of A Good Man is Hard to Find The title of the book, A Good Man is Hard to Find, points to Red Sammy Butts in the moment he conversed with grandmother while at The Tower. Mistrust of others is a theme that is consistently evident in O’connor’s book. In their conversation, Red Sammy Butts and grandmother confirm this. They reckon that it is hard to trust anybody in the world. Red Sammy recounts how he allowed two men to take gas on credit, and he laments ever having to be good to people (Robillard 52). Grandmother believes that there is not even a single soul on earth that can be trusted. This contradicts the Christian faith to which the grandmother is a strong believer. In this book, O’connor presents the reader with two clashing moral codes. Both grandmother and the Misfit have beliefs and perceptions that guide their conduct. A moral code is a collectivity of people’s behaviors, and beliefs thought of as reasonable and acceptable. The rightness of a person’s moral code is subjective. At a glance though, one would not help but notice how the Misfit’s code is erroneous. Grandmother’s code is also contradictory and unconvincing (Hardy 48). It is clear that grandmother’s moral code derives from what she thinks is good. For example, she emphasizes the importance of looking like a lady, depicting that she is more interested in appearance than in substance. She subtly deceives Bailey and the whole family without remorse. Despite her claim of Christian piety, she cannot even remember to pray when in a crisis. She even dares to question the divinity and power of Jesus. On the other hand, the misfit is consistent and apt in following his moral code. The Misfit believes that punishment is always bigger than the wrong done, and in the end, the wrong done does not receive the emphasis it deserves. It is clear that religion baffles the Misfit. Whilst the grandmother took faith blindly

Mohammed Ali Clay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mohammed Ali Clay - Essay Example He was raised in a middle class black household in the poorer district of the city. When he was 12, his new bicycle was stolen. When he went to the local police station to complain, the local policeman, Joe Martin, suggested to him to learn boxing. Young Cassius started training under Martin .who was also a boxing coach, in Louisville's Columbia Gym. Although Martin gave him the idea and inspiration to become a boxer, it was the black trainer, Fred Stone, who taught Clay the finer intricacies of the science of boxing. Boxing as a sport was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "Boxing is a sport contested at the amateur and professional levels , which involves attack and defense with the fist. (Encyclopedia p. 177) Boxing had become a popular sport in the U.S, with the Irish immigrants, and later, the African Americans from early twentieth century. There were amateur and professional contests. Boxing was also a part of the Olympic Games. According to the Encyclopedia, "Boxing first appeared as a formal Olympic event in the twenty third Olympiad in 688 B.C."(Encyclopedia 178) In the 1960 Olympiad, eighteen year old Cassius Clay won the gold medal, which brought him fame. But he knew the big money was in professional boxing. "Ali signed the most lucrative contract- a 50-50 split -negotiated by a beginning professional in the history of boxing, with a 12 member group of millionaires called the Louisville Sponsoring Group."(Gale Cengage Learning) He has a great media personality- his boasts and sayings created public interest in him. Unlike the other heavyweight boxers, who were usually quiet and retiring, he was fond of publicity. His wit also helped to make him well known. He is reported to have told Gilbert Rogin of Sports Illustrated, "Boxing is dying because everybody is so quiet..What boxing needs is..more Clays" (Gale) In February 1954, he boasted to the readers of the same magazine, "Cassius Clay is a boxer who can throw the jive better than anybody." More money started to pour into the sport of boxing because of Ali's flamboyant personality and his witty boasts. In 1964, Ali fought Sonny Liston for the World Heavyweight Championship. Ali was only 22 at the time. Liston was a powerful fighter, but Muhammad Ali had science to his aid. Ali's war cry had been, "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee", which he did in the match in Miami. By using intelligence and science, young Ali won the championship. "He beat Liston in a display of beautiful, controlled boxing." (Gale) Although Liston was very powerful, he went down to Ali, who used his skills with good planning and great courage and confidence. An interesting anecdote about Liston is popular. According to Hauser, "Liston picks up the dice and throws craps and there is a big silence. Then a voice comes, "Look at that big ugly bear, he can't even shoot."(Hauser p. 50) Clay had made his announcement to everyone present. Confidence was the hallmark of Ali. Boxers without confidence are doomed. David Remnick writes about the fight on September 25, 1962. "On the morning of the fight, the heavyweight champion of the world packed a loser's suitcase. Floyd Patterson, for all his hand speed, for all the hours he put in the gym, was the most doubt-addled titleholder in the history of the division."(Remnick 1) But Ali was never doubt riddled, he was

Business Research Methods Essay Example for Free

Business Research Methods Essay Organizational Dilemma Starbucks grew as it attracted many people, leading to tripling its stores worldwide. It became part of every neighborhood, appearing on every street, in airports, supermarkets, and roadside rest stops all over America. This is when complaints began to surface that Starbucks is transforming into a fast-food restaurant and not a coffee house. The coffee industry was no longer dominated by Starbucks, for competitors began to put pressure on the business. In addition, the biggest dilemma to hit Starbucks was the 2008 economic crisis. This took a toll on the consumer who saw Starbucks as a luxury and searched for more affordable alternatives. As a result, Starbucks’ management was faced with the need to generate the right management question that would be the thread to making the best decision through its research design. An organizational dilemma can spark a research question. Once an organization determines a situation exists, research methods start to devise and eventually sample designs are implemented. When people think of Starbucks, do they think of great customer service, quality products, clean store, or great coffee? The organizational dilemma is: how should Starbucks go about keeping loyal customers while overcoming the old perceptions and changing with the times. According to Howard Schultz, â€Å"We are not in the coffee business serving people; we are in the people business serving coffee† (Starbucks Board of Directors, 2008). Research Design Marius Pretorius (2008) research infers Starbuck’s organizational dilemma, whether strategic or operational is not diminished when using Michael Porter’s (1985) generic strategies for competitive advantage. Declining sales require a turnaround solution that address strategic causes and cost relationship pressures that govern demand determinants. Which are â€Å"highly susceptible to external influences that are not clearly visible to the decision-makers† (Pretorius, 2008, pg. 21). Designing a two-stage exploratory study to identify the basis of distress and the key determinants is essential to a turnaround strategic plan. An exploratory study provides sufficient flexibility to address research costs, timelines, and development of clear constructs to address priorities and operational definitions (Cooper Schindler, 2011). The first stage of the study will look to ascertain the causation of the organizational dilemma and postulate the asymmetrical relationships in declining sales by examining both internal and external independent and dependent variables. This research will categorize findings into four relationship types as stimulus-response, property-disposition, disposition-behavior, or property-behavior. This will refine the second stage of research and explore influencing factors in depth. Characteristics and Operational Definitions The research design will produce casual inferences upon which a complementary strategy will result. â€Å"Although they may be neither permanent nor universal, these inferences allow us to build knowledge of presumed causes over time† (Cooper Schindler, 2011, pg. 154). Therefore, it is important to identify moderating or interactive variable dependencies. To ensure data validity operational definitions will challenge data to meet specific standards. These definitions may not exhibit the organization’s use but will establish a means to classify clearly an event. The main concern is to establish actionable information in which contributory or contingent effects on the original independent to dependent variable (IV–DV) relationship will provide empirical conclusions. References Cooper, D.R. Schindler, P.S. (2011). Business research methods (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Porter, M.E., (1985). Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York, NY: The Free Press Pretorius, M., (2008). When Porter’s generic strategies are not enough: Complementary strategies for turnaround situations. Journal of Business Strategy 29(6): 19–28. Starbucks Board of Directors. (2008). Retrieved 2 2013, February, from Starbucks.com: www.starbucks.com/aboutus/environment.asp Starbucks, (2011) Our Company: Mission Statement. Retrieved from http://www.starbucks.com

Ten Ways to Improve Your Interpersonal Skills Essay Example for Free

Ten Ways to Improve Your Interpersonal Skills Essay Don’t discount the importance of interpersonal skills in the workplace. How you are perceived by your manager and co-workers plays a large role in things as minor as your day-to-day happiness at the office and as major as the future of your career. No matter how hard you work or how many brilliant ideas you may have, if you can’t connect with the people who work around you, your professional life will suffer. The good news is that there are several concrete things that you can do to improve your social skills and become closer to your colleagues. All of these tools will ultimately help you succeed in today’s working world. Try these 10 helpful tips for improving your interpersonal skills: 1- Smile:-Â  Few people want to be around someone who is always down in the dumps. Do your best to be friendly and upbeat with your co workers. Maintain a positive, cheerful attitude about work and about life. Smile often. The positive energy you radiate will draw others to you. 2- Be appreciative:- Find one positive thing about everyone you work with and let them hear it. Be generous with praise and kind words of encouragement. Say thank you when someone helps you. Make colleagues feel welcome when they call or stop by your office. If you let others know that they are appreciated, they’ll want to give you their best. 3- Pay attention to others:- Observe what’s going on in other people’s lives. Acknowledge their happy milestones, and express concern and sympathy for difficult situations such as an illness or death. Make eye contact and address people by their first names. Ask others for their opinions. 4- Practice active listening:- To actively listen is to demonstrate that you intend to hear and understand another’s point of view. It means restating, in your own words, what the other person has said. In this way, you know that you understood their meaning and they know that your responses are more than lip service. Your coworkers will appreciate knowing that you really do listen to what they have to say. 5- People together:- Create an environment that encourages others to work together. Treat everyone equally, and dont play favorites. Avoid talking about others behind their backs. Follow up on other peoples suggestions or requests. When you make a statement or announcement, check to see that you have been understood. If folks see you as someone solid and fair, they will grow to trust you. 6- Resolve conflicts:- Take a step beyond simply bringing people together, and become someone who resolves conflicts when they arise. Learn how to be an effective mediator. If Co workers bicker over personal or professional disagreements, arrange to sit down with both parties and help sort out their differences. By taking on such a leadership role, you will garner respect and admiration from those around you. 7- Communicate clearly:- Pay close attention to both what you say and how you say it. A clear and effective communicator avoids misunderstandings with co workers, collegues, and associates. Verbal eloquence projects an image of intelligence and maturity, no matter what your age. If you tend to blurt out anything that comes to mind, people won’t put much weight on your words or opinions. 8- Humour them:- Don’t be afraid to be funny or clever. Most people are drawn to a person that can make them laugh. Use your sense of humour as an effective tool to lower barriers and gain people’s affection. 9- See it from their side:- Empathy means being able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes and understand how they feel. Try to view situations and responses from another person’s perspective. This can be accomplished through staying in touch with your own emotions; those who are cut off from their own feelings are often unable to empathize with others. 10- Dont complain:- There is nothing worse than a chronic complainer or whiner. If you simply have to vent about something, save it for your diary. If you must verbalize your grievances, vent to your personal friends and family, and keep it short. Spare those around you, or else you’ll get a bad reputation.

The Whitsun Weddings, Philip Larkin

The Whitsun Weddings, Philip Larkin Many of the poems in Philip Larkins The Whitsun Weddings are concerned with themes such as disillusionment, isolation and the passage of time. However, one common factor that connects the majority of his work in this collection is Larkins seemingly contradictory attitude towards women. Although in many of these poems it can be claimed that Larkin dismisses women as insignificant, there is also sufficient evidence to suggest that his portrayal of them is in fact indicative of their desirability and power, particularly over the male gender. In Afternoons, Larkin seems to directly disregard women in a variety of ways, beginning with the suggestion that they are inferior to men their husbands are occupied in skilled trades whereas the sole function of the women is to produce and bring up their children. The first stanza paints a particularly dreary picture of the routine lives of the mothers, with the gloomy opening summer is fading quickly followed by references to leaves falling and the hollows of afternoons which connote the melancholy image of youth passing. Considering these are young women, however, may suggest that Larkin feels a degree of sympathy towards their plight of gradually being replaced by a new generation as they set free their children. The idea that this change is an inevitable process, indicated by natural words such as wind, thickened, and leaves fall may further imply that the speakers feelings are not as harsh as they initially appear. The symbolism of time passing present in the title is carried through the entire poem, ending in the rather ambiguous something is pushing them/ to the side of their own lives, to add to the sense that the women are continually taken for granted and have no control over the direction of their lives. They are thus rendered insignificant both in the eyes of the speaker, who sees them as inferior to men standing behind them for support and with regard to life: they are gradually upbraided, have no control over the passage of time and the only imprint they leave on the world is their impatient and expectant children. However, in both Afternoons and other poems such as Selfs the Man and Love Songs in Age it becomes clear that rather than simply dismissing women, Larkin is actually struggling to separate his attitude towards women with his perception of marriage a constant dichotomy for Larkin, who Nicholas Marsh describes as being terrified of marrying, and incapable of committing himself, mainly due to witnessing the horror of his own parents marriage. This fear and negative attitude is reflected in the language he uses to depict marriage and weddings, such as farcical and the oxymoronic happy funeral in The Whitsun Weddings. Similarly, the disdain he feels for the routine of domesticity is apparent in Selfs the Man, in which the woman is depicted as a persistent nag: he has no time at all, now shes there all day. In Love Songs, Larkins combination of triviality the covers pleased her and poetic diction -frank submissive chord depict the life of a woman who has been left deeply unfulfilled in her widowhood. Like Afternoons, there is a clear sense of domesticity leaching away the individuality, and thus the human significance, perhaps, of the woman as time passes there is no longer the certainty of time that is present in youth; instead only tidy fits and an estateful of washing remain. Interestingly, there is a sharp contrast between the relatively mature viewpoints in the aforementioned poems, which offer a more sedate commentary on the perceived role of women, and the blatant objectification present in others, most notably A Study of Reading Habits and Sunny Prestatyn. Although the latter could be seen as a commentary on the false, idealised images sold to us by the advertising industry, and social reaction to it, the imagery and language used can alternatively be interpreted as a crude portrayal of archetypal male attitudes towards women. Marsh states that Larkin himself was abusive and contemptuous of women, and the poet was widely known for his view that all women are stupid beings -both statements clearly demonstrated in Prestatyn. The fact that the girl consistently has things done to her she was slapped up and setastride rather than being in control of her actions perhaps indicates a dismissal of women as static beings , yet the coarse and somewhat distur bing language offers a darker perception of women. Similar to in Afternoons, a hunk of coast stands behind her as if for support, but as the poem progresses from the subservient image of the girl kneeling (the use of girl itself suggesting inferiority) the stanzas quickly give way to darker male humour: obscenities such as huge tits and a fissured crotch used to deface her image, until eventually she is stabbed and torn apart. On the other hand, the satirical tone present in the final stanza of Prestatyn (she was too good for this life) could allow readers to make an alternative judgement. In the first stanza, the girl on the poster seems shallow and trite: laughing on the sand in virginal white satin. This image of youth seems hardly likely to provoke such a despicable attack, but the words kneeling and tautened also connote sexual provocativeness. In light of this, the girl seems to bring the victimisation upon herself figuratively prostituting herself as it were. The end of the final stanza, however, subtly seems to mock those (assumedly men) who attempted to punish her (either for her contributions to the idealised images of the advertisement or for her unattainable sexual innuendo) in the end all they had in their power was the ability to tear a picture. The replacement image of Fight Cancer illustrates this futility, and a degree of sympathy is present in the tender observation of a vulnerable hand left behind a body part also focused on in Broadcast. Another poem which deals explicitly with Larkins attitude towards women is A Study of Reading Habits. The language is quite childish, with its simplistic, colloquial vocabulary and references to comic books -the alliterative dirty dogs, or clichà ©d old right hook. This idea is continued in the structure: the excitement conveyed in the repetition of and in me and my cloak and fangs is also present in the irregular rhyme scheme, but the initial shock comes in the second stanza with the introduction of rather sadistic sexual fantasies and violent behaviour towards women. This derogatory portrayal of women ripping times, clubbed with sex, broke them up- seems to suggest that women are solely there for the pleasure of men, sweet meringue-like objects to be enjoyed and consumed without regard to their individuality: the women are turned into mere objects deprived of character or humanity. Moreover, distinct patterns throughout the collection can be seen to emerge. Although a number of the male characters in The Whitsun Weddings have names (Mr Bleaney, Arnold, Dockery and a poem dedicated to Sidney Bechet), women are unfailingly dismissed as insignificant through their lack of them they are only vaguely recognised as her, she, and girl. At best, in Wild Oats, they are titled bosomy and the friend, but that hardly shows a sensitivity towards these women rather, it further degrades them by acknowledging only their physical attributes. Indeed, this poem only briefly (and awkwardly) refers to the friend in specs as someone to talk to, whereas reference to beautiful as the bosomy English rose is rhythmic, lilting and positive. Furthermore, the last stanza of this poem mentions two snaps of the beautiful woman kept in the speakers wallet such static images of women can also be seen in poems including Broadcast and Sunny Prestatyn, again reducing women to objects rather th an living, breathing, accessible people. However, one must also take into account the social conventions of the time in which Larkin lived. He comments in Wild Oats that in those days it was faces that sparked/ the whole shooting-match off, indicating the restrictions and emphasis placed on courting. This consolidates the tone of sexual frustration that is implied in many of Larkins poems particularly the darker ones with their emphasis on male domination and female subservience. When viewed in this way, the collection as a whole- with its subtle emphasis on self-discovery and journeys through life seems to provide a parallel to Larkins experiences with women. One of Larkins lovers, Maeve Brennan, commented that, for Larkin at least, romantic distance isthe most desirable relationship one can have with a woman. Alternatively, therefore, the static photographs and freeze-frames referenced in a number of the poems could symbolise either, in Rossens words a metaphor for not being able to communicate with or touch a woman, or even simply Larkins way of demonstrating and dealing with his affections. Therefore, Larkins portrayal of women in The Whitsun Weddings is complex and nuanced. On one hand, Larkin is often dismissive, even derisive at times, of women, characterising them as insignificant and inferior to men. This can clearly be seen in many of the poems in this collection, significantly in Afternoons, and Broadcast. At times, this dismissal moves into more blatant objectification and sadistic fantasy at the expense of the woman, although often with a slight hint of satire and self-parody, such as in Sunny Prestatyn and A Study of Reading Habits. However, we must also take into account the fact that women feature prominently in a variety of his works, becoming the centre of his focus. Very often, there will be tender details which indicate a more sensitive side of the poet, such as the tiny hands, gloves and shoes in Broadcast. In this manner, the reader is shown that although Larkin can present a crude and unpalatable depiction of the female gender, equally he is able to p resent his underlying emotions in a stark, yet understated, way unique to himself.

George Eliots Silas Marner Essay -- George Eliot Silas Marner essays

George Eliot's ‘Silas Marner’ The novel, ‘Silas Marner,’ is considered to be a moral fable. The author, George Eliot placed parental responsibility as one of the book’s main themes. She writes of two different parenting styles, along with the happiness and responsibilities that come with this through two characters, Silas Marner and Godfrey Cass. At the beginning of the narrative the character, Silas Marner, is a completely different person from the one he was later to become. The book starts by explaining how Silas Marner left his original home- ‘Marner had departed from the town,’ because of a false accusation that his best friend had made about him. The church deacon was extremely ill, and whilst looking after him Silas was accused of stealing the church’s money. The religious sect that he belonged to, a strict Calvinistic sect, drew lots to decide whether Silas was innocent or guilty. ‘The lots declared that Silas Marner was guilty.’ The lots where superstitious and one of the supertitions was that they believed that their results where God’s will. Marner is over come by a sense of betrayal, as it was his best friend who has committed such a cruel, untrustworthy deed, Marner looses all his faith in God. Marner leaves ‘Lantern Yard’ and moves to a small place named, ‘Raveloe.’ This new place is a completely new environment for Marner; it was as if he had travelled abroad in comparison to our day and age, we can tell this because in the text it states, ‘ he left his own country and people and came to settle in Ravaloe.’ Sadly Marner looses all his trust in people, he moves into a cottage in the forest, isolating himself from human contact. He works his loom producing linen, when he sells this li... ...that where to special to be destroyed by finance and inanamte objects. This shows that Godfrey was too selfish and self centered to realize what a strong relationship Silas and Eppie had. ‘ it had never occurred to him that Silas would rather part his with life then with Eppie.’ Godfrey finally suffers for all his years worth of mistakes, realizing that he cannot separate them, they have the same bond as all GOOD fathers have with their children, with deep compassion. The novel shows the need to love and feel compassion, with out it life appears to have no meaning. What we understand by the term ‘Parental Duty,’ is to support a child, not just financially but emotionally and to bring up the child in a kind and understanding manner, making sure that the child has respect for other people also, growing up to be a considerate and gracious person.

Compare Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen, and Before Agincourt Essa

Compare Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen, and Before Agincourt by William Shakespeare. Before Agincour and Dulce et decorum est ======================================== I have chosen to compare two poems for this piece of work, and they are Dulce et decorum est by Wilfred Owen, and Before Agincourt by William Shakespeare. Both look at War as the main subject, but express very different views on it. Wilfred Owen has written a very powerful poem about a man dying from a gas attack during the First World War, whereas Shakespeare writes a rhetoric poem about the honour and pride found in battle.  ¡Dulce et decorum est ¡, and  ¡Before Agincourt ¡ are two poems so incredibly far away, in meaning, from each other, that it is very difficult to compare them. The one big difference is their attitude towards war. Wilfred Owen has actually been in a war. He saw what he wrote about. He was there, as the writing is his thoughts and feelings. Shakespeare wasn ´t in the war he wrote about. He wrote about it after it happened, either as a way to boost morale in England at the time of the Spanish Armada for Queen Elizabeth, or because they were his own views on War. This battle did actually happen, but Henry didn ´t say these words, Shakespeare just put them in his mouth. Owen ´s poem is concrete. It happened and was real. He knows what he ´s talking about because he was there and went through it all. Shakespeare ´s poem is airy. It ´s abstract and doesn ´t appear to mean anything. At a first glance its just men talking, but when you read it properly you see that it is far more than that. Henry believes so much in what he ´s saying that he ´s prepared to die for it. It ´s a very spiritual poem, in that it is not earthed, o... ...y using words such as guttering, hoots and gargling. Shakespeare used no similes either, but Owen did, writing Bent double, like old beggars under sacks. In conclusion, I enjoyed Owen ´s poem much more than I did Shakespeare ´s. I felt that Before Agincourt was boring. I didn ´t like the lack of tension, action and drama. I thought that it just went on and on around the same idea, that the language was flowery and too old fashioned for me. Although both poems were repetitive, when Dulce et decorum est repeated words, it really hammered the message home, but when Before Agincourt repeated the same idea, it just bored me. I felt that Owen ´s poem less boring because it was fast paced. It really happened and the images it described were vivid and in your face. So, I would definitely recommend Owen ´s poem to anyone, and I did really enjoy writing about it.

An Ethical Evaluation of Peer-to-Peer File Swapping Essays -- File Sha

An Ethical Evaluation of Peer-to-Peer File Swapping Abstract The last few years has seen an explosion in the use of the Internet as a means for exchanging, free of charge, digital media by way of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing technologies. Initially, the practice was primarily limited to the swapping of music, in the form of MP3 files. The pervasiveness of broadband, the advent of newer file types, and the creation of more sophisticated technologies has subsequently made possible the exchange of other types as well – including movies, television shows and software. Again, for free. In this paper, we will explore the ethical considerations of this practice as it relates to Intellectual Property (IP) – whether protected by copyright law or not. We will concentrate primarily on music, but where appropriate, other media will be considered, as many of the issues are common across the different types. Taking a global perspective, one must keep in mind that the term â€Å"copyright† is not universally defined, accepted, or enforced. We must therefore use the term with the United State’s definition as a basis. However, absent U.S. law, we must also consider the creator’s intent as it relates to the distribution and use of his or her work. This exploration will lead us to a universal position – one that claims that the wide-scale, free exchange of Intellectual Property by means of P2P technology is unethical. The Technology The P2P model gained wide scale notoriety with the success of Napster in late 1999. Almost overnight, P2P and Napster became household words. There are essentially two variations of the P2P model – the Napster model and the Gnutella model. Both follow the fundamental principle of P2P sharing ... ... Article also available on the web at: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1101030505-447204,00.html [10] Preston Carter – engineer at Hewlett-Packard – and a very insightful friend. References In addition to references cited above: Nolo Press, Nolo Law For All, Copyright Ownership: Who Owns What? http://nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article.cfm/objectid/BABFA71E-97C9-479F-8A9D4C3DB2498663/catID/2EB060FE-5A4B-4D81-883B0E540CC4CB1E Nolo Press, Nolo Law For All, Copyrighting Your Software – Why Bother? http://nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article.cfm/objectID/B09BB4E7-5744-4131-8B29ACD7CC408853/catID/2EB060FE-5A4B-4D81-883B0E540CC4CB1E Nolo Press, Nolo Law For All, Copyright Protection: What It Is, How It Works http://nolo.com/lawcenter/ency/article.cfm/objectid/6A6540E0-325F-4BBE-A9B64DB3BB7BAAF0/catID/2EB060FE-5A4B-4D81-883B0E540CC4CB1E

An invesigation of the contribrution

Over the years, there have been many definitions of insurance but the most accepted definition is that given by ALAN WILLET in 1901. He defined insurance â€Å"As the accumulation of reserves for the purpose of contingencies†. Thus it is a business activity wherein some people or parties who are subject to certain risk pay monthly or yearly premium to an insurance company to transfer the burden of such risks.Insurance also may be defined â€Å"as a contract whereby a person called the insurer or the assure agrees in consideration of money paid to him called the premium by another person called the insured or assured to indemnify the latter against losses resulting to him on the happening of certain events†¦. J. O. Rusk (1991)†. The origin of insurance initially had a connection with ships and cargoes achieving a spread of risk.This origin dates back to as early as BBC (carter, 1991) when the â€Å"Babylonians developed a system of loans on maritime ventures whereb y the loans were not repayable in the event of the loss of the venture†, to the emergence of modern insurance development which owes its credence to Great Britain, though insurance Ewing introduced into Britain by the Lombard in the 14th and 1 5th centuries (Cooker, 2002). Insurance is an intangible service paid for and received at a future date.The technicality of insurance makes it obvious for uneven incidence of risks when there are infinite numbers of identical risks. It is also a risk transfer mechanism which provides enormous benefits to the individual/organizations (both profit and non- profit), government and socio-economy at large. Every individual or organization is faced with the likelihood of a loss, injury, destruction of life or properties; hence, it is asserted that â€Å"Risk is concomitant of life† (Chipolata 2006). In other words, risk is unavoidable.Since It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncerta in loss, it is therefore because of the liability of an organization to predict the future that insurance is purchased. 1. 2 DEFINITION OF RISK The term risk is a simple notion which cut across a layman's definition to the technicalities of business practices. When someone states that there is risk in a particular situation or context, be it business or an event, the ordinary listener understands what it means on the face of it. What then is Risk?This question can easily be answered by adopting a generally accepted definition of Risk by a renowned scholar, Dry Matthias G. Healer. He defines it as the possibility that positive expectation of a goal-oriented system will not be achieved (uncertainty) and this will be due to either certain human or inhuman factors. Furthermore, risk refers to the uncertainty that surrounds future events and its outcomes. It has an expression which looks again at likelihood and impact of an event with the potential to influence the achievement of organiz ations objectives.When â€Å"risk† is said to exist, there is also the likelihood that expected results may not match those results hoped for I. E. A deviation. Benjamin Franklin in his book observed that in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes. Yet there is some uncertainty about those two phenomena: no one can be sure when he/she will die, and tax rules and rates are frequently changed. In fact, the whole of life is surrounded by uncertainty. In some situation uncertainties are within the control of individuals or firm, others are part of the environment in which our lives operate.However, the word ‘risk used here changes. Insurance is an unsought good and the uncertainty in future events is what is being insured. Insurers' profitability in any portfolio depends largely on the frequency, the severity of its impact and its final results (uncertainty). Uncertainty is not merely a dimension of threats, hazards and risks but opportunities w hich if anticipated may result in a reward. The risk is the thing which is insured, the insured peril, the expected claims cost for any given policy, or as a general term for unwanted and uncertain future events. 1. 3 RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCEOrganizations had long practiced various parts of what has come to be called risk management. Risk management is attempting to identify and manage the threats that could severely impact or bring down an organization. The management of risk is a fundamental aspect of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs manage the risk of accidental loss by weighing the costs and benefits of each alternative. In a structured risk management process, this involves: 1. Identify and analyze the loss exposure. 2. Formulate alternatives to dealing with such exposure 3. Select the apparent best techniques to treat exposure .Implement the decisions made 5. Monitor the effectiveness of the decisions implemented. Those who do not apply a structured process still m ake decisions about risk, although sometimes by default rather than design. For industrial or commercial firm, the objective of risk management may be to maximize profits, or to increase revenue, net worth or perhaps market share over some period, or to achieve a combination of several objectives, or Just to stay in business. Managing a multitude of internal and external risks is one of the most significant challenges facing organization set up today.Insurance serves a number of valuable functions that are largely distinct from other types of financial intermediaries. In order to highlight specifically the unique attributes of insurance, it is worth focusing on those services that are not provided by other financial services providers, excluding for instance the contractual savings features of whole or universal life products. The indemnification and risk pooling properties of insurance facilitate commercial transactions and the provision of credit by mitigating losses as well as th e measurement and management of non diversifier risk more generally.Typically insurance contracts involve small periodic payments in return for protection against uncertain, but potentially severe losses. Among other things, this income smoothing effect helps to avoid excessive and costly bankruptcies and facilitates lending to businesses. The scope of an economy's insurance market affects both the range of available alternatives and the quality of information to support decisions. For example, a manufacturer might produce only for the local market, forgoing more lucrative opportunities in distant markets in order to avoid the risk of losing goods in shipment.Transport insurance can mitigate this loss exposure and enable the manufacturer to expand. Similarly, to avoid the risk of total loss from drought, a commercial farmer may keep half of his seed in reserve. 1. 4 INSURANCE CONTRIBUTION TO AN ORGANIZATION Insurance through effective risk management contribute specialized expertise in the identification and measurement of risk. This expertise enables them to accept carefully specified risks at lower prices than non-specialists. They also have an incentive to collect and analyze information about loss exposures, since the more precisely they measure the cost of risk, the more they can expand.Over the years, the realization of risk management with the help of insurance has contributed enormously in achieving organizational goals severally. For instance, 0 It guarantees as far as possible, that the organization will not be prevented from pursuing its other goals as a result of losses associated with pure risks. 0 It contributes to profit by controlling the cost of risk for the organization 0 It can also reduce expenses through risk control measures (insurance) and as such increasing income.As a result, the insurance market generates price signals not only to manufacturing sector but to the entire economy, helping to allocate resources to more productive uses. In surers also have an incentive to control losses, which is a significant social benefit. Most fundamentally, the availability of insurance enables risk averse individuals, entrepreneurs and organizations to undertake higher risk, higher return activities than they would do in the absence of insurance, promoting higher productivity and growth. . 5 PROBLEM ANALYSIS All manufacturing companies are set up with a primary objective to produce goods that meet the needs of their customers and also to maximize profit. In the process of manufacturing goods the company is often exposed to varying and diverse risk(s) which affects all the factors of production. In as much as these factors are exposed, the logical conclusion is that the income of the company is threatened.Human lives are exposed to industrial injuries which sometimes end up in death, permanent or temporary disability, properties could be destroyed through fire out break or explosions, and liabilities could be incurred arising fro m the consumption of the product. When less emphasis is placed on these loss exposures, it will definitely lead to the demise of the company. This project therefore, will look at the effect of insurance in manufacturing sector and also whether manufacturing companies who place major significant on insurance are successful in their total business effort all other things being equal. . 5 PURPOSE OF STUDY As earlier mentioned, the aim of any manufacturing company is to maximize profit and ensure customer satisfaction. It is quiet obvious that in carrying out production the organization is exposed to so many risks. This study is focused on the effect of insurance in manufacturing these products, in essence, how risks that could not be voided, minimized, reduced or retained can be transferred to insurance companies while the organization focuses its attention to its real business. Our study seeks: 1. To find out how risks/ loss exposures has been managed in Banana breweries 2.To examine the effect of insurance in the development of the organization (Banana Breweries) as a case study 3. To examine risks that they have managed by way of transfer to insurance and how adequate are the various insurance covers. 4. To consider the extent to which insurance has contributed to the attainment of the corporate goals of Banana Breweries 5. To make policy recommendations on how insurance will assist to further develop Banana Breweries, GAMBLE, and The Gambia. 1. 6 RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research exercise is set out to answer the following questions: 1 .What is the level of insurance awareness in the manufacturing sector of The Gambia 2. Does insurance enhance corporate development 3. Has your company ever sustained any unusual, large or unique losses either insured or uninsured 4. Is insurance an effective risk transfer mechanism. Due to time and other constraints, the researchers had to narrow the scope of their duty to Banana Breweries co. Ltd and Gamble in The Gamb ia. The study shall focus on the effect of insurance in the above listed companies as well as its benefits.It will assist the company to continue appreciating the role that insurance plays in their activities, and also serve as a means of reviewing improvement measures in place which hopefully will bring about uncovered areas of loss exposures to their operations. 1. 9 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY All manufacturing companies exist to ensure that the shareholders maximize their wealth. Companies therefore undertake economic activities for profit. However, in heir pursuit of this venture all the factors of production are exposed to one risk or the other.Those study is primarily laying emphasis on the essence of insurance which will significantly aid the manufacturing concern to achieve their broad objectives, through a well coordinated and scientific measurement and assessment of the various risks that the manufacturing company is exposed to. The study will assist the company to continue app reciating the role that insurance plays in their activities, serve as a review of existing measures in place and hope to bring out uncovered areas of risks to their operation.