Noun Formation: English And Vietnamese

Thing Formation: English And Vietnamese As we as a whole know, word are the most significant unit in one language. We use words regularly, in numerous different fields of life: from work to considering, structure casual circumstance to formal circumstance. From word, we can make phrases, sentences to correspondence with one another under numerous structures. Among words, thing is a somewhat urgent part. Things have a few capacities in sentences. They can be the subject, an item, an appositive, or a supplement (Rakoczy). Along these lines, thing development can be perceived as the sub procedure of word-arrangement, and it will share some equivalent quality of word development. My paper is planned for recognizing, examining and differentiating the thing development among English and Vietnamese to amplify the similitudes and contrasts. In light of this paper, I would like to enable my perusers to clear about thing arrangement and help the teachers have a general point of view of the unavoidable mistakes of learning process in both Vietnamese and English students. Thing FORMATION IN ENGLISH Since thing development is the sub-procedure of word-arrangement, it additionally observes the equivalent morphological standards of word-arrangement. Things are shaped by morphemes too. As indicated by the order, we have exacerbating, attachment or induction, and change. All the more explicitly: Attachment or determination, structures things with joins. Exacerbating is the blend of at least two morphemes. Transformation, likewise called zero deduction, is the production of a word from a current word with no adjustment in structure (Conversion, 2001). For instance, word shifts from action word to thing without change of its morphemes. There is other thing development, for example, reduplication, cutting, mixing, abbreviations, and obtaining. Reduplication is rehashing a thing with an adjustment in the first place consonant or change in the center vowel. Cutting is a procedure which comprises in the decrease of a word to one of its parts (Marchand:1969). Cutting is otherwise called truncation or shortening. (Cutting, 2001), without changing its importance. Mixing is consolidating of abbreviated of at least two morphemes to frame another word. Then again, abbreviations are things utilizing the underlying letters in words, phrases, or appropriate names. Last is acquiring, which really has two sorts: utilizing the specific word from another the language and interpreting it truly, we regularly called the second kind calque or credit interpretation. Thing FORMATION IN VIETNAMESE Like English, thing in Vietnamese was additionally framed by morphemes. Be that as it may, the thing development from attachment doesn't show up in Vietnamese for what it's worth in English. The free morpheme and bound morpheme in Vietnamese are characterized in an unexpected way. All the more especially, the bound morpheme in Vietnamese can be utilized as a different word. In English, when the bound morpheme remains solitary, it doesnt make a full word. In Vietnamese, thing was framed by consolidating two free morphemes, two bound morphemes, or one bound morpheme and one free morpheme. Subsequently, thing is framed by aggravating, transformation along with different strategies, for example, reduplication, cutting, abbreviations, and obtaining. Additionally, on account of the drawn out control of the Chineses administrations and French pioneer, the vocabularies which Vietnamese obtained from Chinese and French are various and different. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 1. Appendage (Derivation) In this part, I will examine the attachment in English. The fastens include prefixes and postfixes. For instance, from the descriptor exacting, we just need to add the postfixes - cy to frame the thing education. Along with the postfixes, the prefixes likewise add to the thing arrangement. At the point when we offer another extra il-, we promptly have another thing absence of education which has the contrary significance to the thing proficiency. Subsequently, the prefix of thing can change the importance of the cause, however it despite everything keeps up the word class. The postfix, then again, when be joined to the base, it can change an action word to a thing or other word class. Some run of the mill additions for thing are: - insect, - er, - or, - ment㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. Also, prefixes and postfixes contain some given implications which were shown underneath: Prefixes Which means Additions Which means Against Against - tude condition of Mis- wrong, adrift - ist seller, practitioner Post- After - ism principle, conviction Dis- not, inverse of - ity condition Between between, among - cy condition De- dispose of - eer, - er, - or individual who 2. Compound things In English, with the exception of some single words are thing themselves, thing can be shaped by numerous strategies, for example, some in table Compound examples Models Thing + Noun circulation system, beach, cabinet Descriptive word + Noun hardboard, blueberry, softball Action word + Noun pool, clothes washer Relational word + Noun inbox, outbox, jacket Action word + Verb make-work, drop-kick Action word + Preposition breakaway, safehouse, takeaway Expressions Compound stock-in-exchange, relative Extraordinary Compound tetragon, archaic exploration As indicated by the table, there are numerous examples to frame a thing. Be that as it may, we can characterize all the examples into 3 classes: The strong or shut structure: two words were consolidated as single word. Ex: plan, board. The hyphenated structure: two words are associated by a hyphen. Ex: child in-law, line up. The open or dispersed structure: the word comprises of two longer words, and frequently composed independently. Ex: high court, slow movement. In the mean time, in Vietnamese we have the organized compound thing and the head and-embellishment compound thing, which were additionally known in Vietnamese are t㠡⠻â « ghã ©p đ㠡⠺â ³ng l㠡⠺â ­p and t㠡⠻â « ghã ©p chã ­nh ph㠡⠻â ¥. The planned compound thing is the thing was worked from two segments with equivalent significance, for instance: ch㠡⠻â £ bã ºa, qu㠡â ºn à ¡o㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. The planned compound thing frequently communicates the general and manufactured importance which was one primary concern that makes it not the same as the head and extra compound thing. The head and adornment compound thing is the thing that includes two parts, in which one segment relies upon the other. The optional segment will characterize the fundamental segment. For example: we have the main part is Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng, which implies the best approach, and the subsequent one is s㠡⠺â ¯t, a sort of metal that made thi s sort of way. At the point when we join those two segments, we will have the new thing: Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng s㠡⠺â ¯t, which really implies railroad so as to recognize with Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng khã'ng, Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng th㠡â »y, Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng b㠡⠻â„ ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ 3. Change The change is an intriguing procedure of framing new word. It happens in both English and Vietnamese. Without changing its structures, we can change the significance of the word, even the word class (however I dont talk about word class-change since this paper is centered around the thing arrangement, not the word development) all the more explicitly, lets analyze these two models: Ex 1: Firstly, in English, with the word stop in 2 sentences The time has come to end the savagery. I get off at the following stop. In the first, stop implies the demonstration of halting the savagery, however in the subsequent sentence, stop really implies a spot where a transport or train stops consistently for travelers to jump on or off. Plainly, the type of the thing stop doesnt change. Ex 2: In Vietnamese, take the word ph㠡⠻å ¸ as model M㠡⠺â ¹ tã'i n㠡⠺â ¥u ph㠡⠻å ¸ r㠡⠺â ¥t ngon. Khã ¡ nhi㠡⠻⠁u ngã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ i Ä‘ã n Ã'ng hi㠡⠻†¡n nay cã ³ tã†â ° tã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¥ ¸ng chã ¡n cã†â ¡m thã ¨m ph㠡⠻å ¸. ph㠡⠻å ¸ in the primary sentence is a Vietnamese dish, however the subsequent sentence hints the significance of something new, particularly another ladies, not their spouses. In this way, English and Vietnamese take after one another on this procedure of shaping new things. Being utilized under numerous different conditions, the word itself produces a wide range of figurative implications. 4. Other development a. Reduplication Both English and Vietnamese have reduplication. Be that as it may, reduplication just holds onto few things in English. Vietnamese reduplication has two sorts: rehashing the entire word (ba, chã ¢u ch㠡⠺â ¥u, cã o cã o㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦) and rehashing a few segments of the word. In addition, we dont find numerous Vietnamese things which have a place with the subsequent sorts. The most extreme length of Vietnamese reduplicative words is close to four, and the base length is two. The vast majority of the reduplicative words are two-word length. Some of reduplicative English words are: ping pong, flip failure, tick-tock㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. b. Cutting As per Vã… Â © Ä⠐㠡⠻â ©c Nghi㠡⠻†¡u, Vietnamese just thinks about this procedure as transitory structure or the verbally expressed type of word. By definition, it doesnt occur with each word (Nghi㠡⠻†¡u 2007). bã†â °Ã£â€ Ã¢ ¡m bã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm Æ'â bã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm ki-lã'- gam Æ'â kã ­ lã' Ä⠐㠡⠺â £ng c㠡⠻â„ ¢ng s㠡⠺â £n Vi㠡⠻†¡t Nam Æ'â Ä⠐㠡⠺â £ng While, English have heaps of words was framed by cutting, for example, photograph from photo, rhino from rhinoceros㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ c. Abbreviation By utilizing the underlying letters of an expression as single word, abbreviation has delivered a huge number a word. Since those words were made by abbreviation are more vital than the expressions, numerous individuals like this sort of thing arrangement, particularly in names of certain associations. In English, we have AIDS, radar㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. In Vietnamese, we likewise have some acronymic words, for example, TW from trung Æ⠰ã†â ¡ng, CLB for cã ¢u l㠡⠺â ¡c b㠡⠻â„ ¢. d. Mixing Mixes manage the activity of shortening and afterward joining variou

Analysis of Fences by August Wilson Essay -- Fences Plays Slavery Raci

Troy Maxson is a man who thinks he is a disappointment yet thinks that its difficult to concede. Troy is a middle age dark city worker who feels kept down by the â€Å"white man†. â€Å"Why you got the white men driving and shaded lifting?† (p.9). the citation referenced is a case of how Troy feels he will never add up to anything since he is a dark man in the â€Å"white man’s world†. In this manner, Troy confines his objectives throughout everyday life. Keeping up a vocation, having a rooftop over his head, and food on the table is Troy’s thought of accomplishment. This is his concept of achievement since he has achieved this while having a hard life. Troy wall himself into his own little reality where there is no space for anybody to address or judge him. Then Troy’s sharpness towards the â€Å"white man† makes hardness towards his child Cory....

Rakuten

Rakuten WHAT IS RAKUTEN?The CompanyRakuten Inc is an e-commerce and internet business originating from Tokyo, Japan. The company was created by Hiroshi Mikitani in 1997 as MDM Inc. He still serves as the Chief Executive. The Rakuten Shopping Mall or Rackuten Ichiba began operations in May 1997 and is the largest such site in Japan. It is also the largest in the world by sales figures. In 1999, the company name was changed to Rakuten Inc. The name itself derives from the Japanese word for optimism or rakuten. By 2012, the company was earning US$4.6 billion and bring in operating profits of US$244 million. By 2013, the number of employees were over 10,000 globally.Rakuten focuses primarily on the complete shopping experience for the buyer influenced by the Japanese principle of Omotenashi. This concept means providing high quality and personal service. This is translated online by allowing sellers to customize pages through unique layouts, photos and promotional campaigns. Vendors update these pages regularly and can create a line of communication directly with the customer. The idea is to avoid a standardized approach and create an experience.ExpansionDuring 2005, the company began its international expansions through acquisitions and joint ventures. One of the biggest ones was the acquisition of buy.com which has since been rebranded as Rakuten.com Shopping within the United States. In other countries, the company has acquired Priceminister in France, Ikeda in Brazil, Tradoria in Germany, Play.com in the United Kingdom, Wuaki.tv in Spain and Kobo Inc in Canada.Another means of expansion has been investments in different businesses. These include a $50 million investment in Pinterest. Other companies where Rakuten Inc has invested include Ozon.ru, AHA Life and Daily Grommet.Types of BusinessesThe company has significantly expanded the types of businesses that it operates through its various acquisitions. Some of these are:Online Retail: The company has retail operations within Japan and in many countries globally. These include Rakuten.com (formerly buy.com).Banking, Credit and Payments: Services offered in this area include personal consumer credit services such as card loans, mortgages and other banking services.Portal and Media: Services in this area include management of portal sites such as internet gateways etc.Travel: This includes websites that manage hotel bookings and other travels services.Securities: Services include brokerage of online securities.Professional Sports: The company manages a professional baseball team as well as the planning and sale of related merchandise.Entertainment: This includes services such as an online video club.RAKUTEN.COM (FORMERLY BUY.COM)The CompanyThe online retailer formerly known as Buy.com was created by Scott Blum in 1997. It is based in Aliso Viejo in California, USA. The company began as a seller of computers and electronics but eventually expanded to several other categories.The company’s initial revenue model was to sell items below cost and make up the difference through other revenue streams. These other streams included services like advertising, warranties and equipment leases. In 1998, the company’s first complete year of operation, goods and services worth $111 million were sold.Blum sold his stake in 1999, before the company filed to go public. Stock values fell following the IPO and Blum bought the company again in 2001. The following year, expansion began with moves into other categories of items. The company has moved from 100 marketplace sellers on launch to thousands of sellers offering 11.5 million products. The company, which also sells through eBay, is only the second company in eBay’s history to receive 1 million positive reviews and a satisfaction rating of 99.7 %.Acquisition by Rakuten IncRakuten Inc acquired Buy.com in May 2010 at a value of approximately $250 million. Following the acquisition, the company changed the industry standard of 30-day retu rns to a 45-day return policy.Following the change in ownership, the company reported its best Black Friday and Cyber Monday performance ever in November 2010.The company was officially rebranded as Rakuten.com in January of 2013. The Business Model of Rakuten.comThough Rakuten sells items in a multitude of categories much like its competitors do, the company does not want to be seen as the next Amazon. Instead, the company wants to stand apart from traditional standardized ecommerce sites and instead encourage customers to buy from people, not the internet. According to former CMO Bernard Luthi,“We don’t throw a cloak over the merchant but instead introduce you to the shop owner. We want you to discover who the merchant is.”Virtual MarketplaceThe vision for Rakuten.com is to convert it from an ecommerce site into an online version of a physical marketplace. The stores in this marketplace remain autonomous, with storeowners free to customize their storefronts and communicate w ith the customer. The site also attempts to equip the sellers with tools and techniques to become profitable rather than compete directly with them.Target MarketThe company has partnerships with several thousand merchants and sells close to 14 million products across multiple categories. This means that there is something available for everyone. The basic audience is from mostly metropolitan areas and comfortable with shopping online. These people are not in a hurry and enjoy browsing for undiscovered items.Mobile StrategyAs of 2012, mobile traffic accounted for 10 to 15 percent of Rakuten.com visitors. The site sees this figure continuing to grow as the trend towards online shopping increases. This is why the company is investing in this channel and giving it due importance.Revenue StreamThe company has a three part fee structure for merchants who want to sell on the website. This includes a membership fee, a commission and a fee per item. Membership is about $99 per quarter or $33 per month. The commission is between 8 percent and 15 percent depending on different categories. And the fee per item is 99 cents which is charged when the item is actually sold. There is no fee to list items on the website.Other channels of revenue are different packages for sellers. The professional level can sell as many as 50,000 products while the professional plus allows the sellers to list unlimited items on their stores. In addition, the professional level has limited access to Buymail, a service that allows the merchant to communicate directly with the customers. The professional plus allows unlimited access to this service. This is a key differentiating factor for the website as other platforms such as Amazon.com does not allow merchants to market directly to the customers.Shipping and ReturnsShipping costs and return policies are created and communicated by each individual seller on their storefront. HOW TO SELL SUCCESSFULLY ON RAKUTEN.COMThough it is relatively simple t o start selling through an online platform such a Rakuten.com, there are still some extra steps that can be taken to ensure success. These include:Customize Your StoreThis option is available to all Rakuten.com merchants and is one that should be utilized to its full capacity. A customized storefront allows the merchant to attract customers and create a link with them. It also allows the seller to appear more professional or speak to the target audience. Merchants have the option to add logos or images that help create synergy across different platforms the merchant might be using to sell. The merchant can also create customized product pages for special products that need to be highlighted. Managing all this content is easy to do through management tools offered by the website.Create Interesting ContentMany sellers make the mistake of listing their items and not focusing on descriptions and details. This is an oversight and should be avoided. Not every item speaks for itself and no t every customer comes to find a specific product. Instead, a well written description can convince a potential customer to make the decision to buy.Use Marketing ToolsRakuten.com attempts to support its merchants through tools and techniques to help grow sales. This helps both the merchant and the company. There are some excellent tools available for use that can help a merchant attain success.Use PromotionsRakuten.com offers its merchants useful promotional tools such as daily deals. This can help merchants attract attention and move more items out of the store.Work With an e-commerce ConsultantRakuten.com offers merchants the services of an ECC or an ecommerce consultant. The ECC’s aim is to help maximize sales and grow the business. These consultants can help by reviewing listings, offer marketplace best practices and help participate in the right promotional activities. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SELLING ON RAKUTEN.COMThere are many advantages to selling your product thr ough a marketplace such as Rakuten.com. There are also some disadvantages. A few of both are listed below:AdvantagesMarketplace is Not a Competitor: The Rakuten business model encourages merchants to grow and develop their stores. The website itself does not sell any products but instead it provides tools and services to help merchants grow their own business. In this way, merchants only have to compete with other merchants.Access to Massive Audience: Marketplaces are among the fastest growing ecommerce websites in the world. Amazon, eBay and Rakuten are among the top marketplaces in the world with millions of visitors browsing through listed items every month. Selling on these marketplaces allows access to an established base of customers with very little extra spend on advertising.Variety of Products: Because Rakuten allows sellers to list items in multiple categories, a seller has the freedom to list practically anything they want to sell. The range of prices for these items is a lso very vast.Pricing Flexibility: Since Rakuten.com focuses on creating a link between the seller and the buyer, the merchant has the opportunity to create a strong relationship with a customer based on excellent service, quality and reliability. This bond can help establish repeat buyers and can help a merchant sell at a slightly higher price than competitors.Low Investment in Infrastructure: Since the fees charged by the website to list are not very high, it is not a huge investment to begin selling items online. If one was to attempt to create their own website, it would require more work and more commitment than selling through an established marketplace.Access to International Customers: Millions of customers from all over the world visit Rakuten.com. This means that by listing your items on the website, these international customers are more likely to visit your storefront.DisadvantagesThe Need to market Your Store: Though Rakuten.com provides an efficient platform to list it ems on, the merchants have the responsibility to differentiate themselves from others by creating an interesting and attractive storefront and communicating with buyers.Handling Shipping and Logistics: This is a big challenge for smaller sellers both in managing costs and ensuring reliability.TAKING PRECAUTIONS ON RAKUTEN.COM  In 2013, online shoppers reported wrong charges on their credit cards after the may purchases through Rakuten.com. According to news reports at the time, close to $10,000 dollars were charged on items such as gas valves, newspaper subscriptions in Cleveland, plane tickets in Germany and warehouse time clocks in Colombia. Users on SlickDeals.net also complained on fraudulent credit card charges after using these on Rakuten. Some users also had new accounts opened with their personal information such as birthdates and social security numbers.Rakuten took the reports very seriously and pledged to work with authorities to investigate. The company remained unaware of any breach to their systems. The Rakuten staff communicated with people making complaints via Facebook and forums to ask them to get in touch to help straighten things out.A customer run website called Rakutenfraud.com was created to highlight issues with the website’s security.RAKUTEN.COM SUCCESS STORIES Formerly Buy.com, Rakuten.com is an online marketplace run by Rakuten Inc a successful Japanese e-commerce platform. © Wikimedia commons | Rakuten, Inc.In this article we will look at, 1) what is Rakuten?, 2) Rakuten.com (Formerly Buy.com), 3) how to sell successfully on Rakuten.com?, 4) advantages and disadvantages of selling on Rakuten.com, 5) taking precautions on Rakuten.com, and 6) Rakuten.com success stories.WHAT IS RAKUTEN?The CompanyRakuten Inc is an e-commerce and internet business originating from Tokyo, Japan. The company was created by Hiroshi Mikitani in 1997 as MDM Inc. He still serves as the Chief Executive. The Rakuten Shopping Mall or Rackuten Ichiba began operations in May 1997 and is the largest such site in Japan. It is also the largest in the world by sales figures. In 1999, the company name was changed to Rakuten Inc. The name itself derives from the Japanese word for optimism or rakuten. By 2012, the company was earning US$4.6 billion and bring in operating profits of US$244 million. By 2013, the number of employees were over 10,000 globally.Rakuten focuses primarily on the complete shopping experience for the buyer influenced by the Japanese principle of Omotenashi. This concept means providing high quality and personal service. This is translated online by allowing sellers to customize pages through unique layouts, photos and promotional campaigns. Vendors update these pages regularly and can create a line of communication directly with the customer. The idea is to avoid a standardized approach and create an experience.ExpansionDuring 2005, the company began its international expansions through acquisitions and joint ventures. One of the biggest ones was the acquisition of buy.com which has since been rebranded as Rakuten.com Shopping within the United States. In other countries, the company has acquired Priceminister in France, Ikeda in Brazil, Tradoria in Germany, Play.com in the United Kingdom, Wuaki.tv in Spain and Kobo Inc in Canada.Another means of expansion has been investments in different businesses. These include a $50 million investment in Pinterest. Other companies where Rakuten Inc has invested include Ozon.ru, AHA Life and Daily Grommet.Types of BusinessesThe company has significantly expanded the types of businesses that it operates through its various acquisitions. Some of these are:Online Retail: The company has retail operations within Japan and in many countries globally. These include Rakuten.com (formerly buy.com).Banking, Credit and Payments: Services offered in this area include personal consumer credit services such as card loans, mortgages and other banking services.Portal and Media: Services in this area include management of portal sites such as internet gateways etc.Travel: This includes websites that manage hotel bookings and other travels services.Securities: Services include brokerage of online securities.Professional Sports: The company manages a professional baseball team as well as the planning and sale of related merchandise.Entertainment: This includes services such as an online video club.RA KUTEN.COM (FORMERLY BUY.COM)The CompanyThe online retailer formerly known as Buy.com was created by Scott Blum in 1997. It is based in Aliso Viejo in California, USA. The company began as a seller of computers and electronics but eventually expanded to several other categories.The company’s initial revenue model was to sell items below cost and make up the difference through other revenue streams. These other streams included services like advertising, warranties and equipment leases. In 1998, the company’s first complete year of operation, goods and services worth $111 million were sold.Blum sold his stake in 1999, before the company filed to go public. Stock values fell following the IPO and Blum bought the company again in 2001. The following year, expansion began with moves into other categories of items. The company has moved from 100 marketplace sellers on launch to thousands of sellers offering 11.5 million products. The company, which also sells through eBay, is only the second company in eBay’s history to receive 1 million positive reviews and a satisfaction rating of 99.7 %.Acquisition by Rakuten IncRakuten Inc acquired Buy.com in May 2010 at a value of approximately $250 million. Following the acquisition, the company changed the industry standard of 30-day returns to a 45-day return policy.Following the change in ownership, the company reported its best Black Friday and Cyber Monday performance ever in November 2010.The company was officially rebranded as Rakuten.com in January of 2013. The Business Model of Rakuten.comThough Rakuten sells items in a multitude of categories much like its competitors do, the company does not want to be seen as the next Amazon. Instead, the company wants to stand apart from traditional standardized ecommerce sites and instead encourage customers to buy from people, not the internet. According to former CMO Bernard Luthi,“We don’t throw a cloak over the merchant but instead introduce you to the shop owner. W e want you to discover who the merchant is.”Virtual MarketplaceThe vision for Rakuten.com is to convert it from an ecommerce site into an online version of a physical marketplace. The stores in this marketplace remain autonomous, with storeowners free to customize their storefronts and communicate with the customer. The site also attempts to equip the sellers with tools and techniques to become profitable rather than compete directly with them.Target MarketThe company has partnerships with several thousand merchants and sells close to 14 million products across multiple categories. This means that there is something available for everyone. The basic audience is from mostly metropolitan areas and comfortable with shopping online. These people are not in a hurry and enjoy browsing for undiscovered items.Mobile StrategyAs of 2012, mobile traffic accounted for 10 to 15 percent of Rakuten.com visitors. The site sees this figure continuing to grow as the trend towards online shopping in creases. This is why the company is investing in this channel and giving it due importance.Revenue StreamThe company has a three part fee structure for merchants who want to sell on the website. This includes a membership fee, a commission and a fee per item. Membership is about $99 per quarter or $33 per month. The commission is between 8 percent and 15 percent depending on different categories. And the fee per item is 99 cents which is charged when the item is actually sold. There is no fee to list items on the website.Other channels of revenue are different packages for sellers. The professional level can sell as many as 50,000 products while the professional plus allows the sellers to list unlimited items on their stores. In addition, the professional level has limited access to Buymail, a service that allows the merchant to communicate directly with the customers. The professional plus allows unlimited access to this service. This is a key differentiating factor for the website as other platforms such as Amazon.com does not allow merchants to market directly to the customers.Shipping and ReturnsShipping costs and return policies are created and communicated by each individual seller on their storefront. HOW TO SELL SUCCESSFULLY ON RAKUTEN.COMThough it is relatively simple to start selling through an online platform such a Rakuten.com, there are still some extra steps that can be taken to ensure success. These include:Customize Your StoreThis option is available to all Rakuten.com merchants and is one that should be utilized to its full capacity. A customized storefront allows the merchant to attract customers and create a link with them. It also allows the seller to appear more professional or speak to the target audience. Merchants have the option to add logos or images that help create synergy across different platforms the merchant might be using to sell. The merchant can also create customized product pages for special products that need to be highlig hted. Managing all this content is easy to do through management tools offered by the website.Create Interesting ContentMany sellers make the mistake of listing their items and not focusing on descriptions and details. This is an oversight and should be avoided. Not every item speaks for itself and not every customer comes to find a specific product. Instead, a well written description can convince a potential customer to make the decision to buy.Use Marketing ToolsRakuten.com attempts to support its merchants through tools and techniques to help grow sales. This helps both the merchant and the company. There are some excellent tools available for use that can help a merchant attain success.Use PromotionsRakuten.com offers its merchants useful promotional tools such as daily deals. This can help merchants attract attention and move more items out of the store.Work With an e-commerce ConsultantRakuten.com offers merchants the services of an ECC or an ecommerce consultant. The ECC’s aim is to help maximize sales and grow the business. These consultants can help by reviewing listings, offer marketplace best practices and help participate in the right promotional activities. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SELLING ON RAKUTEN.COMThere are many advantages to selling your product through a marketplace such as Rakuten.com. There are also some disadvantages. A few of both are listed below:AdvantagesMarketplace is Not a Competitor: The Rakuten business model encourages merchants to grow and develop their stores. The website itself does not sell any products but instead it provides tools and services to help merchants grow their own business. In this way, merchants only have to compete with other merchants.Access to Massive Audience: Marketplaces are among the fastest growing ecommerce websites in the world. Amazon, eBay and Rakuten are among the top marketplaces in the world with millions of visitors browsing through listed items every month. Selling on these marketpl aces allows access to an established base of customers with very little extra spend on advertising.Variety of Products: Because Rakuten allows sellers to list items in multiple categories, a seller has the freedom to list practically anything they want to sell. The range of prices for these items is also very vast.Pricing Flexibility: Since Rakuten.com focuses on creating a link between the seller and the buyer, the merchant has the opportunity to create a strong relationship with a customer based on excellent service, quality and reliability. This bond can help establish repeat buyers and can help a merchant sell at a slightly higher price than competitors.Low Investment in Infrastructure: Since the fees charged by the website to list are not very high, it is not a huge investment to begin selling items online. If one was to attempt to create their own website, it would require more work and more commitment than selling through an established marketplace.Access to International Cus tomers: Millions of customers from all over the world visit Rakuten.com. This means that by listing your items on the website, these international customers are more likely to visit your storefront.DisadvantagesThe Need to market Your Store: Though Rakuten.com provides an efficient platform to list items on, the merchants have the responsibility to differentiate themselves from others by creating an interesting and attractive storefront and communicating with buyers.Handling Shipping and Logistics: This is a big challenge for smaller sellers both in managing costs and ensuring reliability.TAKING PRECAUTIONS ON RAKUTEN.COM  In 2013, online shoppers reported wrong charges on their credit cards after the may purchases through Rakuten.com. According to news reports at the time, close to $10,000 dollars were charged on items such as gas valves, newspaper subscriptions in Cleveland, plane tickets in Germany and warehouse time clocks in Colombia. Users on SlickDeals.net also complained on fraudulent credit card charges after using these on Rakuten. Some users also had new accounts opened with their personal information such as birthdates and social security numbers.Rakuten took the reports very seriously and pledged to work with authorities to investigate. The company remained unaware of any breach to their systems. The Rakuten staff communicated with people making complaints via Facebook and forums to ask them to get in touch to help straighten things out.A customer run website called Rakutenfraud.com was created to highlight issues with the website’s security.RAKUTEN.COM SUCCESS STORIESDealFisherDealFisher is a daily deals provider that sells primarily refurbished electronics and computer related items. DealFisher achieved significant success while selling on Rakuten in 2013. It was nominated for “Best New Product” and “Best New Merchant Electronics” in the annual Rakuten Shop of the Year award.The company managed to achieve this success because of its e xtensive support program for customers. The service is provided through electronics experts who are able to answer any technical questions or solve technical problems. The company has managed to counter the negative image of refurbished products through warranties, customer service and customer education using the Rakuten platform.The company has also made use of the ability to offer deals and promotions at any time through the website as well as the ability to control all items to be sold. Rakuten attributes the company’s success to not only great products but also the work put in to maintain and customize the Rakuten shop. All these factors help build loyalty and increase sales.Image credit:  Wikimedia commons | Rakuten, Inc. under Public Domain.

Zoos The Federal Animal Welfare Act - 1167 Words

Zoos often claim they are modern day arks, providing a safe, comfortable environment; making animals happy and content; educating the world about wildlife; and saving species from the brink of extinction while at the same time providing vital research into the lives of animals. There is a moral presumption against keeping wild, defenseless animals in captivity. The zoo is a prison for animals who have been sentenced without a trial. Either we have duties to animals or we do not. I feel that we have a duty and responsibility to animals and need to provide them with respect not neglect. Living conditions are crucial to an animal’s survival. Captivity cannot begin to replicate what it means to be free. Living in an enclosed prison†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Many animal rights advocates and even some conservationists argue that what zoos teach is not a love of animals but rather the acceptance of human domination of nature† (Rudy 124). Keeping animals in zo os sends the message that animals are commodities and that humans are justified in locking them up. It is hard to perceive how providing entertainment could possibly justify keeping wild animals in captivity. A zoo isn’t the best place for the conservation of animals. If people want to see wild animals in real life, they can observe wildlife in the wild or visit a sanctuary. A true sanctuary does not buy, sell, or breed animals, but takes in unwanted exotic pets, surplus animals from zoos or injured wildlife that can no longer survive in the wild. Removing animals from the wild will further endanger the wild population because the remaining animals will be less genetically diverse and will have more difficulty finding mates. Also, â€Å"the lack of genetic diversity among captive animals also means that surviving members of endangered species have traits very different from their conspecifics in the wild† (Jamieson 172). Lions are a popular zoo animal, but the ma jority â€Å"are ‘generic’ animals of hybrid or unknown sub specific status, and therefore of little or no value inShow MoreRelatedZoos And Animal Purposes Of Zoos1727 Words   |  7 PagesZoos and similar facilities that publicly exhibit wild animals have existed throughout history, beginning as far back as Ancient Egypt. In the past, animals were kept in small cages and used by rulers to display their wealth and satisfy the curiosity and fascination surrounding wild creatures. Society’s views about zoos have changed. No longer are people willing to view animals pacing nervously back and forth behind bars. Instead, the public has begun to express concern for the welfare of the animalsRead MoreZoos And Conservation For Animals1574 Words   |  7 Pageswild animals in our world. However, is keeping wild animals in captivity really the best way to take care of them? A zoo or aquarium is an establishment that maintains a collection of wild animals, in enclosures, to display to the public. The American public loves to visit zoos and aquariums because they believe it’s educational and they’ll be able to see animals from a variety of continents. The concepts of zoos and aquariums have been around for centuries and the standard of care for animals hasRead MoreThe Future Of Zoos During The World Of Activists Attacks1495 Words   |  6 PagesThe Future of Zoos In the Midst of Activists’ Attacks In an increasingly threatening environmental crisis, zoos are participating in the conservation of species. The biodiversity of the animal and plant worlds is being deeply affected, on the one hand by the disruption of ecosystems caused mainly by climate change and deforestation, and on the other hand, by the globalization of trade, travel, transport, and tourism. These two factors are increasingly reducing animals’ habitats and endangering manyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Animal Cruelty1373 Words   |  6 PagesIf animals could talk, what would they say? They would stand up for themselves. As you read these, another innocent animal is being abused, neglected, or being harmed in some other way. Animal cruelty is wrong and happening all over the world although one may not notice. Animals in zoos and circuses are abused. They are used for testing, although there are many other alternatives. Companies use them for their leather and fur products. Circuses force them to do tricks and keep them in cages. ThereRead MoreIn An Increasingly Threatening Environmental Crisis, Zoos1752 Words   |  8 Pagesenvironmental crisis, zoos are participating in the conservation of species. The biodiversity of the animal and plant worlds is being deeply affected, on the one hand by the disruption of ecosystems caused mainly by climate change and deforestation, and on the other hand, by the globalization of trade, travel, transport, and tourism. These two factors are increasingly reducing animals’ habitats and endangering many species (Keulartz 336). The evolution of the preservation role of zoos precipitated theRead MoreExotic Animals1518 Words   |  7 PagesAndrea Davis Mrs. Smith ENGL 1101 15 November 2011 Exotic Animals Are More than Just Pets The exotic animal trade is a growing industry in which exotic animals are bred, sold, and traded in massive amounts. Millions of exotic animals are being kept in private residences, small roadside zoos, and traveling wild animal exhibits. Sadly, beautiful and majestic animals are being held captive in unfortunate living conditions. They are being deprived the enrichment and companionship that they requireRead MoreThe Cruelty Of Animals And Animals1945 Words   |  8 Pages Tons of people in the world that love animals and enjoy having their company. This is why most people have pets around their household. With these pets we often train them to do special tricks for example with dogs, the classic ‘shake’ or ‘rollover’ is something owners love seeing. With every new trick that they learn, we give them treats and lots of love. With the treat and love that we give our pets, they feel loved and happy, maintaining their health and happiness and that also makes the ownersRead MoreShould Animals Be Banned?1742 Words   |  7 PagesShould the Use of Animals in Circuses Be Banned? People have been flocking to see the dancing animals at the circus for ages, but how much do you really know about what goes on behind the scenes? The use of animals in the circus has a long history dating all the way back to ancient Rome. In fact, the first established circus in history, Circus Maximus, used animals. Even in those ancient times, the use of animals to entertain humans proved to be a very lucrative business. For the people that attendRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Not Be Allowed1631 Words   |  7 Pages100 million animals are poisoned, blinded, and killed every year in the United States in outdated product tests for cosmetics, personal-care products, household-cleaning products, and even fruit juices? It is said that every three seconds an animal dies while being held in laboratories. Animals are living creatures, who deserve to be more than just a science experiment. Animal experimentation should not be allowed. Whether it is called animal testing, animal experimentation or animal researchRead MoreAnimal Welfare Act Of 1966. Before 1966, Almost Of Animals,1660 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Welfare Act of 1966 Before 1966, almost of animals, family pets as well, were being taken away by thieves and burglars because a lot of laboratories were paying others to do the messed up dirty work all so they could test on them with all sorts of chemicals. Between 1908-1973, President Lyndon B. Johnson saw this and the heard cries and sorrow of the people and didn’t agree with what was going on. On August 24th, 1966 President Johnson created a nameless act in order to ensure and protect

Ancient Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro

The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro is what generations of besotted archaeologists have named a 10.8 centimeter (4.25 inch) tall copper-bronze statuette found in the ruins of Mohenjo Daro. That city is one of the most important sites of the Indus Civilization, or more accurately, the Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BC) of Pakistan and northwestern India. The Dancing Girl figurine was sculpted using the lost wax (cire perdue) process, which involves making a mold and pouring molten metal into it. Made about 2500 BC, the statuette was found in the remains of a small house in the southwestern quarter of Mohenjo Daro by Indian archaeologist D. R. Sahni [1879-1939] during his 1926-1927 field season at the site. The Dancing Girl Figurine The figurine is a naturalistic free-standing sculpture of a nude woman, with small breasts, narrow hips, long legs and arms, and a short torso. She wears a stack of 25 bangles on her left arm. She has very long legs and arms compared to her torso; her head is tilted slightly backward and her left leg is bent at the knee. On her right arm are four bangles, two at the wrist, two above the elbow; that arm is bent at the elbow, with her hand on her hip. She wears a necklace with three large pendants, and her hair is in a loose bun, twisted in a spiral fashion and pinned in place at the back of her head. Some scholars suggest that the Dancing Girl statuette is a portrait of a real woman. Individuality of the Dancing Girl Although there have been literally thousands of figurines recovered from Harappan sites, including over 2,500 at Harappa alone, the vast majority of figurines are terracotta, made from fired clay. Only a handful of Harappan figurines are carved from stone (such as the famous priest-king figure) or, like the dancing lady, of lost-wax copper bronze. Figurines are an elaborate class of representational artifact found in many ancient and modern human societies. Human and animal figurines can give insight into concepts of sex, gender, sexuality and other aspects of social identity. That insight is important for us today because many ancient societies left no decipherable written language. Although the Harappans had a written language, no modern scholar has been able to decipher the Indus Script to date. Metallurgy and the Indus Civilization A recent survey of the use of copper-based metals used in Indus civilization sites (Hoffman and Miller 2014) found that most of the classic Harappan aged objects made of copper-bronze are vessels (jars, pots, bowls, dishes, pans, scale pans) formed from sheet copper; tools (blades from sheet copper; chisels, pointed tools, axes and adzes) manufactured by casting; and ornaments (bangles, rings, beads, and decorative-headed pins) by casting. Hoffman and Miller found that copper mirrors, figurines, tablets, and tokens are relatively rare compared to these other artifact types. There are many more stone and ceramic tablets than those made of copper-based bronze. The Harappans made their bronze artifacts using a variety of blends, alloys of copper with tin and arsenic, and varying lesser amounts of zinc, lead, sulfur, iron, and nickel. Adding zinc to copper makes an object brass rather than bronze, and some of the earliest brasses on our planet were created by the Harappans. Researchers Park and Shinde (2014) suggest that the variety of blends used in different products was the result of fabrication requirements and the fact that pre-alloyed and pure copper was traded into the Harappan cities rather than produced there. The lost wax method used by Harappan metallurgists involved first carving the object out of wax, then covering it in wet clay. Once the clay was dried, holes were bored into the mold and the mold was heated, melting the wax. The empty mold was then filled with a melted mixture of copper and tin. After that cooled, the mold was broken, revealing the copper-bronze object. Possible African Origins The ethnicity of the woman depicted in the figure has been a somewhat controversial subject over the years since the figurine was discovered. Several scholars such as ECL During Casper have suggested that the lady looks African. Recent evidence for Bronze Age trade contact with Africa has been found at Chanhu-Dara, another Harappan Bronze Age site, in the form of pearl millet, which was domesticated in Africa about 5,000 years ago. There is also at least one burial of an African woman at Chanhu-Dara, and it is not impossible that the Dancing Girl was a portrait of a woman from Africa. However, the figurines hairdressing is a style worn by Indian women today and in the past, and her armful of bangles is similar to a style worn by contemporary Kutchi Rabari tribal women. British Archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, one of many scholars besotted by the statuette, recognized her as a woman from the Baluchi region. Sources Clark SR. 2003. Representing the Indus Body: Sex, Gender, Sexuality, and the Anthropomorphic Terracotta Figurines from Harappa. Asian Perspectives 42(2):304-328. Clark SR. 2009. Material Matters: Representation and Materiality of the Harappan Body. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 16:231–261. Craddock PT. 2015. The metal casting traditions of South Asia: Continuity and innovation. Indian Journal of History of Science 50(1):55-82. During Caspers ECL. 1987. Was the dancing girl from Mohenjo-daro a Nubian? Annali, Instituto Oriental di Napoli 47(1):99-105. Hoffman BC, and Miller HM-L. 2014. Production and Consumption of Copper-Base Metals in the Indus Civilization. In: Roberts BW, and Thornton CP, editors. Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective: Methods and Syntheses. New York, NY: Springer New York. p 697-727. Kennedy KAR, and Possehl GL. 2012. Were There Commercial Communications between Prehistoric Harappans and African Populations? Advances in Anthropology 2(4):169-180. Park J-S, and Shinde V. 2014. Characterization and comparison of the copper-base metallurgy of the Harappan sites at Farmana in Haryana and Kuntasi in Gujarat, India. Journal of Archaeological Science 50:126-138. Possehl GL. 2002. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press. Sharma M, Gupta I, and Jha PN. 2016. From Caves to Miniatures: Portrayal of Woman in Early Indian Paintings. Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design 6(1):22-42. Shinde V, and Willis RJ. 2014. A New Type of Inscribed Copper Plate from Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation. Ancient Asia 5(1):1-10. Sinopoli CM. 2006. Gender and archaeology in south and southwest Asia. In: Milledge Nelson S, editor. Handbook of Gender in Archaeology. Lanham, Maryland: Altamira Press. p 667-690. Srinivasan S. 2016. Metallurgy of zinc, high-tin bronze and gold in Indian antiquity: Methodological aspects. Indian Journal of History of Science 51(1):22-32.

Biopure Hbs Summary Free Essays

Andrew Walters 3/22/12 Biopure Biopure Corporation specializes in blood substitutes for transfusion patients, both in the veterinary market and the human market. However, in 1998, Biopure faced the monumental decision of whether to begin selling Oxyglobin, a blood substitute, to the veterinary market or to wait until Hemoglobin, a blood substitute for the human market, became available for sale. The problem is whether or not the company should launch Oxyglobin before Hemoglobin is FDA-approved or wait until after Hemoglobin is approved and released into the human market. We will write a custom essay sample on Biopure Hbs Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now I would recommend that they release Oxyglobin immediately rather than wait for Hemoglobin’s FDA-approval. The reasoning behind this decision follows from an analysis of both the veterinary blood substitute market and the human blood substitute market. I would recommend this because Hemopure is still at least 2 years away from FDA approval, Blood substitute competitors have a more established brand and more money; success of Oxyglobin would help Biopure compete against these factors, and failure of other drugs makes introduction of Hemopure a financial risk. There will be many decisions that will have to be made as a result of this. Biopure executives will have to make is what price to charge per unit of Oxyglobin. The veterinary market is small and price-sensitive. The two surveys that Biopure conducted in 1997 to test the sensitivity of the animal blood substitute market found that 25 percent and 80 percent of veterinarians would try Oxyglobin in noncritical and critical cases, respectively, if the product was priced at $150. Therefore, Biopure should charge $150 per unit of Oxyglobin. In conclusion, I recommend that Biopure introduce Oxyglobin into the veterinary blood substitute market at a price of $150 per unit in order to gain respect and brand awareness in the blood substitute market and to provide a source of income for Biopure while they await FDA approval for Hemopure. (Ref. http://hstrial- laurendecker. homestead. com/biopurecasestudy) How to cite Biopure Hbs Summary, Essay examples

Impact of Hand Hygiene on Maintaining Patient Safety;

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Hand Hygiene on Maintaining Patient Safety. Answer: Maintaining Patient Safety through Hand Hygiene Hand hygiene is a key aspect in ensuring the patient's safety and curbing the transference of germs within the hospital environment. One of the major ways in which pathogens in the hospital environment are transferred from one patient to another is in the hands of the healthcare workers like the nurses (Abdella, Tefera Alene, 2014). Most reports indicate that improved hand hygiene among the healthcare workers is related to a decrease in infection rates (Graves, Page, Martin Barnett, 2016). During the interaction of the healthcare workers and the patients, there are situations whereby hand hygiene is not observed and therefore it threatens the safety of the patients health. It is the nurses responsibility to ensure that they are able to manage this situation appropriately when they arise. This paper will examine the relationship between hand hygiene and the patients safety and provide an example of a safety incidence that occurred in a patient together with the nurses role in managi ng the risk discussed. Infections acquired within the hospital results in an increase in morbidity and health care costs (Luangasanatip, Hongsuwan Cooper, 2015). This usually happens by through transference of germs between the patients through the hands of the healthcare workers. Hand hygiene has been proven to be an effective way of reducing these infections that occur from the interaction between the patients and the healthcare workers (Marimuthu, Pittet Harbarth, 2014). However, this is only effective if the workers are willing to comply with the handwashing requirements before and after attending to the patients. Healthcare workers are usually in contact with the patients and the equipment used in the treatment and the cleaning of hands ensures that they prevent the spread of illness. The spread of germs from one patient to another threatens the safety of the patients because these may lead to the patient developing additional illnesses from the extra pathogens they are exposed to (Murni Soenarto, 2014). This will also increase the seriousness of the patients condition as these germs that are transferred from another patient could worsen the existing condition of the patient. Maintaining hand hygiene is an important factor in reducing illnesses within the hospital environment. Hand hygiene entails washing hands or disinfecting them with the use of medicated soap or alcohol. Soap that does not contain disinfectant will not be effective in ensuring hand hygiene as it lacks the proper elements for keeping the hand's germ-free. Alcohol is usually the preferred antiseptic solution since it contains strong antimicrobial elements and its also a faster way of disinfection since it dries faster making it easier for the nurse to work efficiently from work patient to the other (Nair, Siraj Raghunath, 2014). Handwashing with antiseptic has to be done before and after caring for a patient. Those who may not be in direct contact with the patients should also practice good hand hygiene as they also play an important role in the patient's wellbeing (Wetzker, Pilarski Reichardt, 2016) An example of such staff is the staff within the hospitals who prepare food for the patients. As a nurse, there are situations that may arise whereby hand hygiene may pose a threat to the patients safety. In my practice as a nurse I witnessed a nurse who did not practice hand hygiene when she was dressing the wounds of a certain patient and on her way out she noticed another patient who was uncomfortable on their bed and went ahead to assist them to get into a comfortable sleeping position. In doing this, she touched this patient without doing any hand hygiene immediately after she had touched another patient. By doing this, she transferred the germs she got from the first patient to the second patient, therefore, putting the second patient at risk. The germs she picked up from the first patient may be transferred to the second patients skin and cause an infection. Through this, the patients safety is threatened as they are most likely to contract a new disease or experience an increase in the seriousness of the condition they are suffering from. In future, if such a situation was to arise whereby I am just from attending to a patient and I notice that another patient requires my help, I would first consider disinfecting my hands before touching them. In case there was another nurse around in a better position to do that, I would ask him or her to attend to the patient first as I ensure that I clean my hands first. It is important as a nurse to always prioritize hand hygiene while dealing with patients and this should be the first consideration before coming into contact with a patient (Smiddy, O'Connell Creedon, 2015). Before attending to my patients I would ensure that I disinfect my hands first and then afterward I would also ensure that I wash my hands with disinfectant to get rid of any germs that have been picked up from previous patients. A registered nurse has the responsibility to ensure that the patient is safe in the course of their treatment. In the case above, it is the nurses responsibility to manage. Nurses spend the most time with the patients and they are supposed to ensure the patient's safety by detecting any errors, identifying near misses, understanding the care processes, and identifying any weaknesses that exist within the system that may threaten the safety of the patient (Shinde Mohite, 2014). In the above situation, the nurse needed to have a better understanding of the care processes in relation to hand hygiene as this would enable the nurse to be vigilant. In understanding the care processes the nurse would also be able to identify the proper action to take after realizing the mistake she made by not putting into consideration hand hygiene. Therefore, it is the weaknesses in the hospital system that may hinder the ability of the nurse to ensure the safety of their patients (White Brain, 2015). The nurses have a responsibility of adhering to the system within the hospitals that have been put I place to ensure the safety of patients (Srigley Garber, 2015). However, these systems sometimes limit the nurses ability to provide the patients with the right healthcare that will ensure their safety. In this case, it is the nurses responsibility to ensure that they notify the hospital of the shortcomings of the systems put in place to optimize the quality of service (White, Jimmieson Martin, 2015). Using the incident that was mentioned above whereby the nurse touched another patient immediately after attending to a previous patient without the proper hand hygiene, a convenient system would have been effective in preventing this. A convenient system that would ensure this is a one whereby the nurses have individual sanitizers with a disinfectant that they can keep even in their pockets. Alternatively, disinfectant points can be strategically placed throughout the hospital to ensure that they are easily accessible at each point. If the nurse had the disinfectant within reach, it would have been easier to practice good health hygiene since its part of them. In conclusion, infections account for approximately 80,000 deaths per year in the United States alone. According to the WHO, between 5% percent and 10% of patients in developed countries acquire health care-associated infections and 15%-40% of patients in critical care are thought to be affected by the Health Care-associated Infections. However, these infections can be prevented successfully through hand hygiene. There exists evidence that with hand antisepsis, Health Care-associated Infections incidences are greatly reduced and it is, therefore, a very important issue as hand hygiene ensures patient safety. it is well established that indeed hand hygiene is a contributing factor to the patients health. The health workers have the responsibility of ensuring that their patients are kept safe and that they provide quality health service and an important way of ensuring this is through ensuring good hand hygiene. Situations arise whereby the patients are at risk because of poor hand hyg iene among the health workers and the nurses have to ensure they play their role in managing any risks faced by the patients. The incidence that was highlighted is just among the incidences that threaten the patient's safety due to poor hand hygiene. It is important for the healthcare workers to maintain good hand hygiene to ensure the safety of their patients. References Abdella, N. M., Tefera, Alene, K. A. (2014). Hand hygiene compliance and associated factors among health care providers in Gondar University Hospital, Gondar, North West Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 96. Graves, N., Page, K., Martin, E., Barnett, A. G. (2016). Cost-effectiveness of a national initiative to improve hand hygiene compliance using the outcome of healthcare associated staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. PloS one, 11(2), e0148190. Luangasanatip, N., Hongsuwan, M. Cooper, B. S. (2015). Comparative efficacy of interventions to promote hand hygiene in hospital: systematic review and network meta-analysis. bmj, 351, h3728. Marimuthu, K., Pittet, D., Harbarth, S. (2014). The effect of improved hand hygiene on nosocomial MRSA control. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 3(1), 34. Murni, I. K., Soenarto, Y. (2014). Reducing hospital-acquired infections and improving the rational use of antibiotics in a developing country: an effectiveness study. Archives of disease in childhood, archdischild-2014. Nair, S. S., Siraj, M. A., Raghunath, P. (2014). Knowledge, attitude, and practice of hand hygiene among medical and nursing students at a tertiary health care centre in Raichur, India. ISRN preventive medicine, 2014. Smiddy, M. P., O'Connell, R., Creedon, S. A. (2015). Systematic qualitative literature review of health care workers' compliance with hand hygiene guidelines. American journal of infection control, 43(3), 269-274. Shinde, M. B., Mohite, V. R. (2014). A study to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of five moments of hand hygiene among nursing staff and students at a tertiary care hospital at Karad. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 3(2), 311-321. Srigley, J. A. Garber, G. (2015). Applying psychological frameworks of behaviour change to improve healthcare worker hand hygiene: a systematic review. Journal of Hospital Infection, 91(3), 202-210. White, K. M., Jimmieson, N. L. Martin, E. (2015). Using a theory of planned behaviour framework to explore hand hygiene beliefs at the 5 critical moments among Australian hospital-based nurses. BMC health services research, 15(1), 59. White, K. M. Brain, D. (2015). Understanding the determinants of Australian hospital nurses hand hygiene decisions following the implementation of a national hand hygiene initiative. Health education research, 30(6), 959-970. Wetzker, W., Pilarski, G. Reichardt, C. (2016). Compliance with hand hygiene: reference data from the national hand hygiene campaign in Germany. Journal of Hospital Infection, 92(4), 328-331.

Physical Theatre Essay Example

Physical Theatre Essay Physical Theatre History: * Physical theatre is a catch-all term to describe any performance that pursues storytelling through primary physical means * The term â€Å"physical theatre† has been applied to performances consisting mainly of: 1. Mime 2. Contemporary dance 3. Theatrical clowning and other physical comedy 4. Some forms of puppetry 5. Theatrical acrobatics * Modern physical theatre has grown from a variety of origins.Mime and theatrical clowning schools such as L’Ecole Jacques Lecoq Paris, have had a big influence on many modern expressions of Physical Theatre. * Another tradition started with the very famous French master  Etienne Decroux  (father of  corporeal mime). Decrouxs aim was to create a theatre based on the physicality of the actor allowing the creation of a more  metaphorical theatre. This tradition has grown and corporeal mime is now taught in many major theatrical schools. Legacy: Physical theatre had become such a big phenomenon today, being shown in movie such as â€Å"Stomp the Yard† and â€Å"Step Up† as well as huge worldwide productions such as â€Å"Wicked†, â€Å"Cirque de Solei† and â€Å"Hairspray† * We are the building block of the movement of physical theatre.Techniques: * Important theatre directions such as Vsevolod Meyerhold,  Jerzy Grotowski,  Eugenio Barba,  Ariane Mnouchkine  and  Tadashi Suzuki  all explored and developed a variety of intense training techniques for their actors, that were intended to liberate actors and audiences from boring and unstimulating performances. They argued that a performing body should be an instrument of expression that has unique rhythms and patterns that must be amplified, developed and mastered before a performance can be viewed as effective. * They also advocated a variety of training regimes and exercises to develop what they believed were important connections between the communication of physical and emotional tr uth in actors and many of their suggestions have been taken up by acting schools in a number of countries.

Essay on Wireless Security Policy

Essay on Wireless Security Policy Essay on Wireless Security Policy Essay on Wireless Security PolicyWireless Security Policy OverviewThis wireless security policy pertains to all employees and to all other persons affiliated with Local Commercial Banking Organization (LCBO). This document outlines the purpose and scope of wireless security policy at LCBO, describes the applicability of this policy, lists the requirements to wireless network security and wireless network access, requirements to wireless devices, outlines the wireless standards supported by LCBO, ethical guidelines associated with the use of wireless networks in LCBO, discusses the approaches to wireless security policy enforcement and includes key terms and definitions in the end. Network security in general and the security of wireless communications is crucial for LCBO functioning and all employees as well as LCBO guests are obliged to maintain this policy.Purpose and ScopeThe purpose of this policy is to define the requirements to the security of wireless communications that are r equired for ensuring the confidentiality, availability and integrity of sensitive information transmitted in the LCBO network.ApplicabilityThis security policy is applicable to all LCBO employees, LCBO guests, all organizations and individuals using LCBO network or accessing LCBO data.Wireless Network Security RequirementsLCBO network has two zones: demilitarized zone for guests and remote access for organizations, and internal network for LCBO employees. Both users requesting guest access which is available in the demilitarized zone of the LCBO network and users accessing the internal part of the LCBO network should verify that their devices are properly protected against unauthorized access or theft, and should remove any data received from the LCBO network after they have disconnected from the network. If there is a need to store certain documents on the device for further use, this action should be authorized with the support manager on duty.All wireless devices used for accessi ng the internal part of the LCBO network should be first registered and authorized by the Network Security Department (this also involves recording of the devices internal ID and MAC address) and should pass through network security audit every 3 months.Wireless Network Access RequirementsOnly authorized users can have access to any part of the LCBO network. The users receive a specific user role, unique user password and SSID name of the access point (Earle, 2005). None of these data can be disclosed or shared in any other way with other people or stored in an easily accessible place. The users have to change passwords every 2 months basing on the password policy of LCBO. The users should ensure that they have proper anti-virus protection and firewall software installed on their wireless devices before accessing the LCBO network. In case of any questions or uncertainties, it is recommended to refer to LCBO support manager on duty.Wireless Device RequirementsLCBO network maintains a ccess for all 802.11x devices (version a, b/g/n and ac). All wireless communications in the internal LCBO network should be encrypted using at least 256-bit encryption, so the devices used inside the network should support this encryption. All internet browsers used on wireless devices should support SSL encryption and any VPN communications should support IPSec protocol. In the LCBO network, WPA2 AES protection is used, so the wireless devices should support this type of encryption to access internal network.Wireless Standards Supported by the OrganizationLCBO officially supports IEEE 802.11 standard (referred to as Wi-Fi). As for April 2014, LCBO network supports the devices working with 802.11a, 802.11 b/g/n and 802.11 ac standards.Ethical Guidelines Associated with Wireless Networks in the OrganizationIn the context of wireless network communications, the major ethical issues are: the ability of wireless devices to detect location, the use of wireless devices for personal and co rporate needs simultaneously and the ability of wireless devices to connect to outside access points. LCBO will not access or store location information provided by wireless devices as this is unethical to the user, and the same is expected from any employees or guests accessing LCBO network and from organizations accessing LCBO network. Organizations, employees and guests of LCBO should verify that the access point they are connecting to is located within the boundaries of LCBO network. Users, guests and employees are expected to remove any sensitive data from the wireless devices that they might use outside LCBO network and/or use for personal needs; this includes clearing cache, sessions and other information pertaining to LCBO network from the device. LCBO reserves the right to log internal IDs and MAC addresses of wireless devices for security purposes and ensures that these data will be used for security purposes solely and will not be disclosed to anyone outside the Network S ecurity Department.Policy EnforcementThe responsibility for maintaining and enforcing this policy is on the LCBO Network Security Officer and on Network Security Administrators. The users who fail to comply with the requirements of this policy, they might create the risks of exposing sensitive information transmitted inside the LCBO network. Any violations of network security requirements will be logged along with device ID and reported to LCBO management. Failing to comply with this wireless security policy might lead to disciplinary action up to and including terminating the rights to access LCBO network, changing access rights and in the specific cases terminating employment of an individual or breaching business relationships with an organization.Terms and DefinitionsAvailability the accessibility of information at the moment when it is needed and the opportunity to access this information timely and in the required volume (Vacca, 2006).Confidentiality the availability of sens itive information only to those people who have the right to access it (and prevention of access to this information by any other people) (Vacca, 2006).Integrity the accuracy of information in the network along with the trustworthiness and consistency of information (Vacca, 2006).MAC address media access control unique identifier assigned to the network interface (in the context of this policy to the wireless network interface) for communication with the physical layer of the network model (Earle, 2005).Sensitive information proprietary information which should only be available to certain groups of people and should never be disclosed to the public or to unauthorized people (Bensky et al., 2011).Wireless device a device that can connect to other devices in the LCBO network using a wireless technology 802.11x (Bensky et al., 2011). Commonly used wireless devices are laptops, tablets, smartphones, PDAs, etc.

Assigment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Assigment 2 - Essay Example In regard to the first issue, a party is considered in breach of a contract when a party fails to perform its obligations under the said contract. In the problem, the contract provides that the barge will be delivered in safe working order for the purpose of sea-faring voyages (Clause 4) and that a condition of the agreement is that the barge will be available from 1st January 2006 until 31st December 2008 (Clause 8). Blue is guilty of breach of contract because the barge was only actually ready-to-load on the 3rd of January 2006 in violation of the owner’s promise (Clause 8) that the barge will be ready-to-load from the start of the charter, i.e. the 1st of January. Moreover, Blue is guilty of breach of contract because the barge had to be towed sometime January 2008 (when the contract is still effective) from Oslo to Liverpool due to serious engine failure in violation of Clause 4. Having failed to perform its obligations under the contract, Blue is therefore in breach of co ntract. In regard to the issue of whether Red may exercise the right both to terminate the contract and to claim compensation for past and future losses, the answer depends on whether the terms of the contract violated by Blue is a condition or a warranty. This is because not all contract terms are of equal significance. Some are more important than others. A condition is an essential term of the contract which goes to the root or the heart of the contract while a warranty, on the other hand, is a lesser, subsidiary term of the contract. The distinction between a condition and a warranty is vital in the event of a breach of contract. A breach of a condition enables the party who is not in breach of contract (â€Å"the innocent party†) either to terminate the performance of the contract and obtain damages for any loss suffered as a result the breach or to affirm the contract and recover damages for the breach. A breach of a warranty, on the other hand,

Student discussions week 7 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Student discussions week 7 - Assignment Example Typically, in a larger company, most workstations are shared; in addition to this, many of those workstations are restarted between shifts, which in turn resolves many issues that may otherwise appear in regards to caching issues. ___________________________________________________________________ Response 2: Joshua Hi Joshua, It is my opinion that the answer you have provided is just the sort of thing this particular question was looking for. Windows 7 Performance Monitor may indeed track and monitor major bottlenecks or abnormalities on the system. This is something that is seen quite often on workstations in large organizations, especially ones that rely on the company network itself, like those that use VDI, as opposed to those that are setup as standalone stations that access company tools through the internet versus an intranet. Certain intranet programs, if not optimized, can become quite resource intensive, which can in turn lead to system bottlenecks and cause delays in work flow, resulting in decreased productivity. Through the use of Performance Monitor it is possible to make adjustments to the resources being used in order to decrease the likelihood of, or alleviate the issues caused by, a system bottleneck. ______________________________________________________________________ Response 3: Anna: Good afternoon Anna, User Account Control (UAC), may seem slightly convoluted at first, however, it is actually a quite handy little security feature. Just because the user account may have administrator privileges does not mean that the applications themselves have those same admin privileges; as such if an admin user wants to set that application to have admin rights, they must go in and do so manually, in the properties of the executable itself. Alternately, they can right click on the executable file, if they do not want it to have those admin rights at all times, and select the â€Å"Run as Administrator† option to allow the .exe those rights for that specific instance. If they do not do so, and the application attempts to run as an administrator, a popup box comes up which states that the application is attempting to run as an administrator, and requests the user to confirm whether or not they wish to allow or deny this change. If UAC is configured to ask each and every time, it can get quite annoying, but, it does not cause the computer to be placed at risk. _____________________________________________________________________ Response 4: Catherine: Hi Catherine, User Account Control (UAC) is an administrator’s dream in a company setting. The sad truth of the matter is that many people still do not have basic computer knowledge, and by allowing them to have more access than they need for everyday tasks can very quickly turn into a headache, whether because someone wanted to see â€Å"what that button does† or whether they managed to go through and remove registry files, grant applications access that they hav e no reason to have, and so on. If not setup, you are correct, it completely negates the reason for the feature being put in place in the first place; however, if used properly, it can be a wonderful little tool that saves

Motivating factors for sports tourism

Motivating factors for sports tourism SPORT TOURISM: FACTORS INFLUENCING MOTIVATION FOR SPORT TOURISM. OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Introduction.3 Purpose of the Study .3 Aims and Objectives.3/4 LITERATURE REVIEW.. Defining Sport Tourism4 Event Sport Tourism..4/5 Motivation Theory.5 Fan Motivations..5/6 METHODOLOGY.. Questionnaire based interviews6 Street Surveys..6/7 Focus Groups.7 Introduction purpose of study The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into visitor motivation for sport tourism. The proposal will investigate the importance of sport to individuals and the motivation to travel for sporting purposes. Sport tourism is an ever growing industry which has continued to thrive in all aspects, particularly of late. This is highlighted by Gibson (1998) who states that â€Å"the concept of sport-related tourism has become more prominent in the last few years as both an academic field of study and an increasingly popular tourism product†. The definitions of sport vary between authors with â€Å"some critics insisting that an all-embracing definition is impossible because sport is a socially constructed activity that has varied across historical eras, societies and cultures† (Ritchie Adair, 2004). Others have suggested that â€Å"sport has specific and timeless characteristics, such as being goal-oriented, competitive and a forum for the creation of winners and lo sers (Rader, 1979, Paddick 1975,Goodman, 1976)†. Furthermore, it is evident that like various other topic areas, sport tourism has a vast and broad research base. Sport and tourism are currently two of the most important industries, with a significant increase in tourists travelling for sport related purposes in recent years. However, researchers such as Delphy (1998) and Gibson (1998) have recognized that people have been travelling to participate or watch sports for centuries. Furthermore, Hall (1992) postulates that â€Å"sport tourism falls into two different categories, travel to participate in sport and travel to observe sport†. Sport tourists choose to travel to either participate or spectate. With regard to this, particular focus of this study will be placed on spectators and what motivates them to travel, attend and observe at various sporting events. Visitor motivation is a significant topic area which will be investigated rigorously within this study. The research will focus on the factors which influence motivation for sport event tourism. According to Mullins (2008) motivation is a force which drives any person to show a specific behaviour towards any condition or situation or things. Motivation is perceived by various authors as being either Intrinsic or Extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is widely regarded as a self generated procedure which encourages an individual to act in a particular way. Extrinsic motivation on the other hand is perceived as an external influence which encourages an individual to act in a certain way. In other words something is done for an individual to motivate them to behave in a specific way. Specific examples of motivation within businesses include freedom to act and responsibility (Intrinsic) and also promotion and praise from others (Extrinsic). Visitor motivation will look at tourist’s beh aviour, profiles and the motivation they have to attend various sporting events. Aims Objectives The main research question will be to ascertain what motivates individuals to travel for sporting events. The following aims and objectives will be pursued throughout the study in order to critically examine the topic area. To analyse visitor motivation theory To discuss the importance understanding of Sport Tourism To discuss factors of influence on travel motivations for spectators To attend numerous sporting events in order to get a feel of the influences on travel motivation The scope of research will be primarily focused on the relationship between motivation and sport tourism. In order to meet the aims of the study the following objectives will be set to enable a successful investigation into the research area: Assess the concepts, theories and models related to motivation Sport Tourism Examine previous studies related to sport event travel motivation Conduct primary and secondary research to understand the spectator experience Critical Literature Review The following literature review will provide an introduction on sport tourism, highlight the key authors related to the field and also provide a deeper understanding of the factors influencing people to conduct sport related tourism. Sports tourism is defined by Gibson (2006) as leisure based travel that takes individuals outside of their home communities to participate in physical activities (Active Sport Tourism), to watch physical activities (Event Sport Tourism) or to venerate attractions associated with physical activities (Nostalgia Sport Tourism).On the other hand, Standevan and De Knop (1999) define sport tourism as all forms of active and passive involvement in sporting activity, participated in casually or in an organised way for non-commercial or business/ commercial reasons, that necessitate travel away from home and work. The key authors related to this field of study include Heather Gibson, James Higham, Mike Weed and Thomas Hinch to name a few. Notable academic books and journals include Sport Tourism: Concepts and Theories (Gibson, 2006), Sport Tourism – Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues (Ritchie, B. Adair, D. 2004) and also The Journal of Sport Tourism. Although both definitions mentioned are very similar it is interesting to note that Gibson (2006) has separated sport tourism into three different segments. This includes Active Sport Tourism, Event Sport Tourism and also Nostalgia Sport Tourism. However, Standevan and De Knop (1999) have opted on a more broad definition stating that sport tourism is all forms of active and passive involvement in sporting activity. The definition provided by Gibson (2006) illustrates a clear and concise understanding of what sport tourism is whilst also depicting the different types of sport tourism specifically. Robinson and Gammon (2004) like Gibson (2006) have also separated sport tourists into different segments. They depicted that sport tourism could firstly be divided into two areas of focus, differentiating between those who travel primarily for sport (sport tourists) and those where sport is perceived as a secondary consideration (tourism sport). This study however, will focus on what Gibson (2006) describes as Event Sport Tourism. This refers to tourists who travel to spectate physical activities or events. Event tourism includes travelling to attend a range of different events although it is interesting to note that sporting events have had the most significant impact on the industry. This is backed up by authors Chalip and McGuirty (2004), Turco (2003) and Saayman and Uys (2003) who state that Although event tourism includes arts festivals and cultural activities as well as sport events, the latter have played a key role in the growth of the event industry. One reason for this is that sport events have been seen to make an effective contribution to the economic development mix of cities and regions. Furthermore, this study will aim to ascertain what motivates tourists to travel to watch sporting events. In order to determine this successfully the literature related to motivation theory will need to be critically discussed. According to the Journal of Sport (2004) The motivation(s) of the sport tourist has been a regular source of discussion within much of the sport tourism literature (Gammon and Robinson, 1997; Gibson, 1998a; Hinch and Higham, 2004; Kurtzman and Zauhar, 1995a; Standeven and De Knop, 1999). Every year there are numerous events taking place with increased numbers of tourists travelling. Tourism is conducted domestically as well as outbound in order to actively take part or spectate at sporting events. Hollyforde Widdett (2002) postulate that motivational theory â€Å"outlines a researchers answers to questions such as â€Å"why do people make the choices they make? Or what makes someone persist at one activity and yet quickly give up another â€Å". Abraham Maslow is a renowned psychologist who proposed the motivational theory the hierarchy of needs. This theory has been an important framework related to motivation and assumes that human motivations proceed through various stages of needs. The hierarchy of needs starts off with the more primary basic needs such as physiological and safety needs at the foundation further leading to belongingness love and esteem needs and lastly ending with self-actualisation. According to Gibson (2006) psychologists such Maslow and also Murray have long postulated that behaviour is a function of needs, indeed, much of their work has provided the theoretical foundation for studies that have investigated the relationship between leisure or tourism and need satisfaction. Fan motivations are an important aspect when determining the reasoning behind â€Å"Event Sport Tourism†. Tourists love for the game/sport provides a big influence in them wanting to travel in order to watch their favorite team/player or event live rather than from a television set. A good example of this would be Football, where individuals purchase season tickets in order to watch their team play on a regular basis. This includes home games only but first option on away games is usually provided. Tourists will also be motivated to attend the away games especially on the big European nights away from home in order to support their team. This relates to Simon Hudson’s theory that â€Å"sport events away from can have an appeal based on their uniqueness or their quality that, when combined with escaping from the familiar and routine, generates personal and interpersonal benefits which make it a worthwhile expenditure of time and resources. Sport event tourism also provide a range of positive impacts for the consumer, destination and also the events. This is backed up by Hudson (2003) who states that, Special events can attract more tourists than regularly scheduled games. Sport events attract corporate sponsors. When sport facilities are built, they become permanent event venues. Major sport events can be catalysts for new facilities and new or improved infrastructure. Sport events can assist in destination branding by providing powerful, active lifestyle images and making cultural themes come alive. (Hudson, 2003) It is envisaged that this study will further strengthen the current body of literature related to sport tourism. A conceptual framework will be used in order to meet the aims and objectives of the research, placing particular focus on â€Å"Event Sport Tourism†. Methodology The following section will provide details of how the planned research will be conducted, what method(s) will be used and how long it may take to obtain relevant data. According to the research methods workbook â€Å"the research process or methodology is the approach to the entire study – it is the master plan. It is the blueprint for achieving objectives, one of which is the production of the dissertation† (Workbook, 2014). There are generally two main processes of conducting research, the qualitative approach and the quantitative approach. Quantitative data is primarily concerned with assessing numerical data and conducting statistical tests. Conversely, qualitative data focuses on descriptions that can be observed and includes methods such as participant observation and unstructured interviews. In simple terms the main difference between the two approaches is that quantitative data collection deals with ‘quantity’ of research whereas ‘qualitative’ data collection emphasise quality research. The methodology section will emphasise how the research will be conducted in order to attain relevant information regarding sport tourism and motivational theory. Within this study it is envisaged that the research process will consist of questionnaire based interviews with tourists that attend sporting events. This will be completed in order to determine the factors which influence their decision/desire to attend. It is believed that interviews can have a number of positives including â€Å"the encouragement of participation, clarification of any confusion regarding questions and also the inclusion of people who are incapable of reading (Long, 2007)†. By mixing the two concepts of questionnaire and interview it will in a sense provide the â€Å"best of both worlds† and enable the researcher to gather sufficient data. Authors such as Kendall (2008) postulate that â€Å"while questionnaires can provide evidence of patterns amongst large populations, qualitative intervi ew data often gather more in-depth insights on participant attitudes, thoughts, and actions†. Furthermore, alternative research methods will also be taken into consideration in order to determine the most efficient and effective way of obtaining information. Street surveys and focus groups will be the other two approaches in question, they will be looked at in detail as potential research methods. Street surveys are a quantitative research method whereas focus groups provide a qualitative approach to data collection. Street surveys are a tempting research method considering it is an efficient way of gathering data from individuals. According to Long (2007) â€Å"street surveys are a quick and cheap route to gathering survey data. The ‘street’ in this may represent any convenient location for ‘capturing’ respondents (e.g. the mall or refectory/canteen). Street surveys will be conducted outside specific sporting events in order to receive data from relevant sport tourists. However, there are disadvantages like any other method, including relatively low response rates due to the typical locations in which surveys are conducted. The lack of quality of data gathered and the overall amount of data collected are also negatives of using this method. Conversely, surveys can also have various positives including the ease and efficiency of conducting the process. According to March (1982: 147) â€Å"Surveys have a lot to offer†¦.since experimentation cannot be used to inves tigate a wide range of macro-social processes, there is often no alternative to considering variation across cases in a systematic fashion†. Focus groups will also be taken into consideration when depicting the ideal research method to use in order to conduct research for this study. Focus groups are a traditionalist method of research, enabling the researcher to obtain information on a face to face and personal basis. Therefore, the researcher is able to obtain descriptive answers rather than numerical or statistical data. It is envisaged that â€Å"Qualitative research is generally based on the belief that the people personally involved in a particular (leisure or tourism) situation are best placed to describe and explain their experiences or feelings in their own words. They should be allowed to speak without the intermediary of the researcher and without being overly constrained by the framework imposed by the researcher† (Veal,2006) . With regard to this, focus groups should be high on the list of potential research methods. However, there are also disadvantages of using this method like any other. Focus grou ps can become difficult to control, analyse and conduct. It is easy to get a group of people together but it is not as easy to avoid disagreements, conflicts between individuals and irrelevant discussions. Transcribing a focus group is also a very time consuming process due to the amount of people involved within the discussion. Participants may also feel under pressure to follow the lead of a dominant individual within the group therefore succumbing to peer pressure and holding back their own views. Regardless of which research approach will be used, significant methods will need to be included within the process of obtaining information. This includes personally attending various sporting events in order to get an idea of the â€Å"spectator experience†. It is interesting to note that Weed (2008) postulates that in order to ascertain ‘why’ sport tourists travel, researchers need to focus on participation experiences underpinned by ontological research. Furthermore, significant library based research will need to be conducted as well as the visitation of numerous libraries and archives. Fieldwork will also be conducted during event visitations in order to broaden knowledge in relation to the topic area. The subjects of research will include randomly selected individuals with an interest in Event Sport Tourism. Conversely, small groups may be required if focus groups are chosen as the most suitable research method. The timeframe for the research to be conduct ed is yet to be finalised however, it is understood that the following research will take several months to complete in order to obtain the relevant data required. Bibliography Books Altinay, L and Paraskevas, A (2008) Planning Research in Hospitality and Tourism, Butterworth Heinemann, London Clark, M et al (1998) Researching and Writing Dissertations in Hospitality and Tourism, International Thomson Business Press, London Delpy, L. (2003). An introduction to sport and adventure tourism. In Hudson, S, Sport and Adventure Tourism (pp. 1-25). Haworth Hospitality Press Inc: Binghamton Gibson, H. (1998a). Active sport tourism: Who participates? Leisure Studies, 17, 155-170. Gibson, H. (1998b). Sport tourism: A critical analysis of research. Sport Management Review, 1, 45-76. Gibson, H (2006) Sport Tourism: Concepts and Theories, Oxon: Routledge Hall, C. (1992) Hallmark tourist events: Impacts, management and planning, London: Bellhaven Press Higham, J. and Hinch, T (2011). Sport Tourism Development. Bristol: Channel View Publications Hinch, T. Higham, J. (2008). Sport tourism: A framework for research. In Weed, M, Sport and Tourism: A Reader (pp. 40-56). New York, NY: Routledge. Hollyforde, S Widdett, S (2002) The Motivation Handbook. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development Hudson, S (2003) Sport and Adventure Tourism. New York: Haworth Hospitality Press. Hudson, S. Ritchie, B. (2001). Cross-cultural tourist behaviour: An analysis of tourist attitudes towards the environment. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 10(2), 1-22. Long, J (2007) Researching Leisure, Sport and Tourism: The Essential Guide, London, SAGE Publications. Maslow, A. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper Ritchie, B. Adair, D. (2004) Sport Tourism – Interrelationships, Impacts and Issues, London: Cromwell Press Robinson, T. Gammon, S. (2004). A question of primary and secondary motives: Revisiting and applying the sport tourism framework. Journal of Sport Tourism, 9(3), 221-233 Standeven, J. De Knop, P. (1999). Sport Tourism. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Vernon, M.D (1969) Humanmotivation.London : Cambridge U.P Veal, A (2011) Research Methods for Leisure and Tourism: A Practical Guide, Longman, Essex (4th edition) Weed, M (2008). Sport Tourism. Oxon: Routledge. Weed, M and Bull, C (2012). Sports Tourism. 2nd ed. Oxford: Elsevier Journals Harris, Lois R. Brown, Gavin T.L. (2010). Mixing interview and questionnaire methods: Practical problems in aligning data . Practical Assessment, Research Evaluation, 15(1). Available online: http://pareonline.net/getvn.asp?v=15n=1. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation and Tourism Journal of Sport Tourism-Abingdon Taylor Francis Ltd Kotze, N (2006). Urban Forum.Cape Town and the Two Oceans Marathon: The Impact of Sport Tourism. 17 (3) 1 | Page