Noun Formation: English And Vietnamese

Thing Formation: English And Vietnamese As we as a whole know, word are the most significant unit in one language. We use words regularly, in numerous different fields of life: from work to considering, structure casual circumstance to formal circumstance. From word, we can make phrases, sentences to correspondence with one another under numerous structures. Among words, thing is a somewhat urgent part. Things have a few capacities in sentences. They can be the subject, an item, an appositive, or a supplement (Rakoczy). Along these lines, thing development can be perceived as the sub procedure of word-arrangement, and it will share some equivalent quality of word development. My paper is planned for recognizing, examining and differentiating the thing development among English and Vietnamese to amplify the similitudes and contrasts. In light of this paper, I would like to enable my perusers to clear about thing arrangement and help the teachers have a general point of view of the unavoidable mistakes of learning process in both Vietnamese and English students. Thing FORMATION IN ENGLISH Since thing development is the sub-procedure of word-arrangement, it additionally observes the equivalent morphological standards of word-arrangement. Things are shaped by morphemes too. As indicated by the order, we have exacerbating, attachment or induction, and change. All the more explicitly: Attachment or determination, structures things with joins. Exacerbating is the blend of at least two morphemes. Transformation, likewise called zero deduction, is the production of a word from a current word with no adjustment in structure (Conversion, 2001). For instance, word shifts from action word to thing without change of its morphemes. There is other thing development, for example, reduplication, cutting, mixing, abbreviations, and obtaining. Reduplication is rehashing a thing with an adjustment in the first place consonant or change in the center vowel. Cutting is a procedure which comprises in the decrease of a word to one of its parts (Marchand:1969). Cutting is otherwise called truncation or shortening. (Cutting, 2001), without changing its importance. Mixing is consolidating of abbreviated of at least two morphemes to frame another word. Then again, abbreviations are things utilizing the underlying letters in words, phrases, or appropriate names. Last is acquiring, which really has two sorts: utilizing the specific word from another the language and interpreting it truly, we regularly called the second kind calque or credit interpretation. Thing FORMATION IN VIETNAMESE Like English, thing in Vietnamese was additionally framed by morphemes. Be that as it may, the thing development from attachment doesn't show up in Vietnamese for what it's worth in English. The free morpheme and bound morpheme in Vietnamese are characterized in an unexpected way. All the more especially, the bound morpheme in Vietnamese can be utilized as a different word. In English, when the bound morpheme remains solitary, it doesnt make a full word. In Vietnamese, thing was framed by consolidating two free morphemes, two bound morphemes, or one bound morpheme and one free morpheme. Subsequently, thing is framed by aggravating, transformation along with different strategies, for example, reduplication, cutting, abbreviations, and obtaining. Additionally, on account of the drawn out control of the Chineses administrations and French pioneer, the vocabularies which Vietnamese obtained from Chinese and French are various and different. CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS BETWEEN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE 1. Appendage (Derivation) In this part, I will examine the attachment in English. The fastens include prefixes and postfixes. For instance, from the descriptor exacting, we just need to add the postfixes - cy to frame the thing education. Along with the postfixes, the prefixes likewise add to the thing arrangement. At the point when we offer another extra il-, we promptly have another thing absence of education which has the contrary significance to the thing proficiency. Subsequently, the prefix of thing can change the importance of the cause, however it despite everything keeps up the word class. The postfix, then again, when be joined to the base, it can change an action word to a thing or other word class. Some run of the mill additions for thing are: - insect, - er, - or, - ment㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. Also, prefixes and postfixes contain some given implications which were shown underneath: Prefixes Which means Additions Which means Against Against - tude condition of Mis- wrong, adrift - ist seller, practitioner Post- After - ism principle, conviction Dis- not, inverse of - ity condition Between between, among - cy condition De- dispose of - eer, - er, - or individual who 2. Compound things In English, with the exception of some single words are thing themselves, thing can be shaped by numerous strategies, for example, some in table Compound examples Models Thing + Noun circulation system, beach, cabinet Descriptive word + Noun hardboard, blueberry, softball Action word + Noun pool, clothes washer Relational word + Noun inbox, outbox, jacket Action word + Verb make-work, drop-kick Action word + Preposition breakaway, safehouse, takeaway Expressions Compound stock-in-exchange, relative Extraordinary Compound tetragon, archaic exploration As indicated by the table, there are numerous examples to frame a thing. Be that as it may, we can characterize all the examples into 3 classes: The strong or shut structure: two words were consolidated as single word. Ex: plan, board. The hyphenated structure: two words are associated by a hyphen. Ex: child in-law, line up. The open or dispersed structure: the word comprises of two longer words, and frequently composed independently. Ex: high court, slow movement. In the mean time, in Vietnamese we have the organized compound thing and the head and-embellishment compound thing, which were additionally known in Vietnamese are t㠡⠻â « ghã ©p đ㠡⠺â ³ng l㠡⠺â ­p and t㠡⠻â « ghã ©p chã ­nh ph㠡⠻â ¥. The planned compound thing is the thing was worked from two segments with equivalent significance, for instance: ch㠡⠻â £ bã ºa, qu㠡â ºn à ¡o㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. The planned compound thing frequently communicates the general and manufactured importance which was one primary concern that makes it not the same as the head and extra compound thing. The head and adornment compound thing is the thing that includes two parts, in which one segment relies upon the other. The optional segment will characterize the fundamental segment. For example: we have the main part is Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng, which implies the best approach, and the subsequent one is s㠡⠺â ¯t, a sort of metal that made thi s sort of way. At the point when we join those two segments, we will have the new thing: Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng s㠡⠺â ¯t, which really implies railroad so as to recognize with Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng khã'ng, Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng th㠡â »y, Ä‘ã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ ng b㠡⠻â„ ¢Ã£ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦ 3. Change The change is an intriguing procedure of framing new word. It happens in both English and Vietnamese. Without changing its structures, we can change the significance of the word, even the word class (however I dont talk about word class-change since this paper is centered around the thing arrangement, not the word development) all the more explicitly, lets analyze these two models: Ex 1: Firstly, in English, with the word stop in 2 sentences The time has come to end the savagery. I get off at the following stop. In the first, stop implies the demonstration of halting the savagery, however in the subsequent sentence, stop really implies a spot where a transport or train stops consistently for travelers to jump on or off. Plainly, the type of the thing stop doesnt change. Ex 2: In Vietnamese, take the word ph㠡⠻å ¸ as model M㠡⠺â ¹ tã'i n㠡⠺â ¥u ph㠡⠻å ¸ r㠡⠺â ¥t ngon. Khã ¡ nhi㠡⠻⠁u ngã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢ i Ä‘ã n Ã'ng hi㠡⠻†¡n nay cã ³ tã†â ° tã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¥ ¸ng chã ¡n cã†â ¡m thã ¨m ph㠡⠻å ¸. ph㠡⠻å ¸ in the primary sentence is a Vietnamese dish, however the subsequent sentence hints the significance of something new, particularly another ladies, not their spouses. In this way, English and Vietnamese take after one another on this procedure of shaping new things. Being utilized under numerous different conditions, the word itself produces a wide range of figurative implications. 4. Other development a. Reduplication Both English and Vietnamese have reduplication. Be that as it may, reduplication just holds onto few things in English. Vietnamese reduplication has two sorts: rehashing the entire word (ba, chã ¢u ch㠡⠺â ¥u, cã o cã o㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦) and rehashing a few segments of the word. In addition, we dont find numerous Vietnamese things which have a place with the subsequent sorts. The most extreme length of Vietnamese reduplicative words is close to four, and the base length is two. The vast majority of the reduplicative words are two-word length. Some of reduplicative English words are: ping pong, flip failure, tick-tock㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. b. Cutting As per Vã… Â © Ä⠐㠡⠻â ©c Nghi㠡⠻†¡u, Vietnamese just thinks about this procedure as transitory structure or the verbally expressed type of word. By definition, it doesnt occur with each word (Nghi㠡⠻†¡u 2007). bã†â °Ã£â€ Ã¢ ¡m bã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm Æ'â bã†â °Ã£ ¡Ã¢ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºm ki-lã'- gam Æ'â kã ­ lã' Ä⠐㠡⠺â £ng c㠡⠻â„ ¢ng s㠡⠺â £n Vi㠡⠻†¡t Nam Æ'â Ä⠐㠡⠺â £ng While, English have heaps of words was framed by cutting, for example, photograph from photo, rhino from rhinoceros㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ c. Abbreviation By utilizing the underlying letters of an expression as single word, abbreviation has delivered a huge number a word. Since those words were made by abbreviation are more vital than the expressions, numerous individuals like this sort of thing arrangement, particularly in names of certain associations. In English, we have AIDS, radar㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. In Vietnamese, we likewise have some acronymic words, for example, TW from trung Æ⠰ã†â ¡ng, CLB for cã ¢u l㠡⠺â ¡c b㠡⠻â„ ¢. d. Mixing Mixes manage the activity of shortening and afterward joining variou